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r 















THE LIBRARY 

OF CONGRESS 



NORTH KOREA IN THE TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY: 
IMPLICATIONS FOR OPEN SOURCE RESEARCH 


A Report Prepared under an Interagency Agreement 
by the Federal Research Division , 

Library of Congress 


September 1997 


Authors: Robert Garian 

Ralph Hassig 
Rodney Katz 
Kongdan Oh 
Andrea Sava da 

Project Manager: Andrea Savada 


Federal Research Division 
Library of Congress 
Washington, D.C. 20540-4840 

Tel: 202-707-3900 

Fax: 202-707-3920 

E-Mail: frds@loc.gov 

Homepage: http://lc web. loc. go v/rr/frd/ 



ZA 

/ff7 

C*fi s 


L//<}&/> / 


Dear Reader: 

This product was prepared by the staff of the Federal Research Division of the Library 
of Congress under an Interagency Agreement with the sponsoring United States 
Government agency. 

The Federal Research Division is the Library of Congress's primary fee-for-service 
research unit and has served United States Government agencies since 1948. At the 
request of Executive and Judicial branch agencies, and on a cost-recovery basis, the 
Division prepares customized studies and reports, chronologies, bibliographies, foreign- 
language abstracts, databases, and other directed-research products in hard-copy and 
electronic media. The research includes a broad spectrum of social sciences, physical 
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For additional information on obtaining the research and analytical services of the 
Federal Research Division, please call 202-707-3909, fax 202-707-3920), via E-mail 
frds@loc.gov, or write to: Marketing Coordinator , Federal Research Division , Library of 
Congress, Washington, DC20540-4840. The Division’s World Wide Web Homepage can 
be viewed at http//!cweb.loc.gov/rr/frd. 

Robert L. Worden, Ph.D. 

Chief 

Federal Research Division 
Library of Congress 
101 Independence Ave SE 
Washington, DC 20540-4840 
E-mail: rwor@Ioc.gov 





















































































































































































Library of Congress - Federal Research Division 


North Korea in 21st Century: Open Source Research 


PREFACE 

This study seeks to contribute to a better understanding of the implications of information 
and communications trends for open source research on North Korea to the year 2010, including 
likely information flows and controls in North Korea. The combination of information 
sensitivities and strict controls over information and information gathering restrict the 
dissemination of materials and will continue to limit the availability of information about North 
Korea. The study discusses creative approaches to acquiring and analyzing material on North 
Korea and includes a bibliography of the major sources consulted. 


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TABLE OF CONTENTS 

PREFACE . i 

OVERVIEW . 1 

The Information Environment: Sources. Networks, and Controls . 3 


THE OPEN SOURCE INFORMATION SETTING. 7 

The Role of the Media: Information and Disinformation . 7 

Mass Communications Sources . 8 

Domestic Media Sources: The Climate for External and Internal Flow 

of Information . 8 

Publication Venues and Media Outlets. 10 

Korean Central News Agency (KCNA) . 10 

Newspapers . 11 

Major Serials and Journals . 14 

Radio and Television . 17 

The Internet . 20 

Foreign Media Sources . 22 

South Korea . 22 

Japan . 27 

China . 30 

Russia . 31 

Other . 32 

Specialized Data . 33 

Mass Communication Networks . 34 

Prospects for Improvements in Infrastructure and Technology . 34 

Domestic: National Technological Capacity . 34 

Telephone . 34 

Computer Networks . 35 

Foreign: International and Regional Connections . 35 

Human Communications Networks . 36 

Defectors . 36 

Nongovernmental Organizations and International and Regional 

Organizations Personnel . 38 

Other . 39 

Businesses and Business Travelers . 40 

Academics and Government and Official Delegations . 41 

Koreans Living Overseas . 42 

North Koreans Traveling Abroad . 44 


POLITICAL CHANGE: LEADERSHIP AND POLICY SHIFTS 44 

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Power Holders and Priorities: 1994-97 . 44 

Implications of Political Change: The Next Generation of Leaders . 44 

National Priorities . 46 

Economic Change Drivers . 47 

Technological Change Drivers . 48 


SCENARIOS FOR OPEN SOURCE INFORMATION (1997-2010): 

RESTRICTIONS OR LIBERALIZATION? . 49 

Overview of the Scenarios: Change Drivers and Projections . 49 

Reform Scenario . 50 

Status Quo/Muddling-Through Scenario . 51 

Collapse. 52 

The Future: Likelihood of Scenarios . 53 


PROSPECTS AND IMPLICATIONS OF THE CONTROL AND FLOW OF 

INFORMATION . 54 

ACCESS STRATEGIES . 58 

Key Impediments and Potential Enablers . 58 

A pproaches . 60 

Ground . 60 

Intermediary . 60 

Mix . 61 

Exploitation and Processing . 62 

Translation and Analysis. 63 

Resource Implications. 63 

BIBLIOGRAPHY . 70 

APPENDIX . 80 

Tables . 8 * 

Selected High Profile Defectors . 83 

Selected Electronic Links on North Korea . 84 


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North Korea in 21st Century; Open Source Research 


OVERVIEW 

Open source information on the Democratic People's Republic of Korea's (DPRK, or 
North Korea) yields a complex array of material, which is gathered through various means, 
including physical channels (for example, in hardcopy format from a variety of sources such as 
serial publications or monographs) and online sessions (bulletins boards or Internet). Having 
access to the DPRK media, however, is of little value to any but the most experienced North 
Korea watcher because reliable, nonpropagandistic, and current open source information is very 
limited although expanding somewhat. Hence, experienced analysts who are able to read between 
the lines and collect diverse sources of information will remain essential to exploit open source 
materials. Even then, one may be able to get only a vague idea of what is happening inside the 
country. 

Commenting on the famine in North Korea, for example, an observer notes: "The critical 
issue of the quality, veracity and quantity of the famine-related information disseminating from 
lower officials to the upper echelons of the DPRK Government [is] unknown." 1 The same 
situation can be said about the total North Korean information environment. If information 
sources proliferate in the future, they will be of greatest value if the same process that allows the 
sources to proliferate also relaxes the government's control over media content or makes the 
government less sensitive to what is published. 

One problem vis-a-vis information gathering for North Korea is the reluctance of both 
non-North Korean sources and North Korean authorities to release information. For example, in 
deference to North Korean sensitivities, the United Nations (UN) does not release all (statistical) 
information provided by Pyongyang. With the eventuality of North Korea's admission into the 
Asian Development Bank (ADB), this same situation may also occur as regards the information 
provided to the ADB by North Korea. 

North Korea exerts monolithic control over its information environment. The North 
Korean officials who generate and disseminate information have "power" and prefer not to dilute 
it by extending the spread and availability even of open source information. 

In terms of providing information about itself, North Korea's policy is to provide as little 
information as possible. Almost all aspects of North Korean life are treated as state secrets. In 


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the late 1990s, North Korea's policy of boasting of its superior system has clashed with its need to 
publicize its food shortages in order to solicit much-needed foreign assistance. The situation has 
created a serious dilemma for the government, which has only reluctantly allowed information on 
the growing famine to be communicated to the outside world. (The domestic audience is told that 
the world food situation is worsening.) 2 

Beginning in 1996, however, more open source information channels on North Korea 
became available as a result of the provision of humanitarian assistance to relieve the famine and 
food shortages affecting the country. Since then, delegations from a variety of international relief 
organizations such as the World Food Program (WFP) and nongovernmental organizations 
(NGOs), including Action by Churches Together, World Vision, and Food for the Hungry, have 
traveled to North Korea. However, these visitors are restricted both in their movement and their 
contact with North Korean officials and the general population. In addition, officials of some of 
the organizations involved in relief assistance are reluctant to provide information about highly 
vulnerable populations in North Korea for fear of losing access to these populations. It has even 
been suggested that some NGOs may be underestimating the importance of this type of 
information exchange in providing reliable data on conditions. 3 Although primarily related to the 
supply of food, grain, and medicine, the details and observations gained from various NGO 
personnel have increased our information holdings on North Korea. 

Acquisition of information from these various open source channels such as NGOs will 
continue to provide more information on North Korea although its value will be uneven and its 
contents must be carefully filtered and scrutinized. The search strategies used to obtain this type 
of information may be used as a model to access further information and to develop contacts. 

Obtaining open source information on North Korea from a wide variety of sources 
(particularly third-country stakeholders) will be necessary and increasingly important for 
intelligence assessment and U.S. policymaking in the years ahead. It is clear that North Korea will 
continue to control information entering and leaving the country and will persist in its efforts to 
challenge and restrict U.S. efforts to acquire vital open source information needed by national 
policymakers. As a result, diverse and creative approaches to gathering information will be 
required in order to obtain intelligence and formulate policy. 


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The Information Environment: Sources. Networks, and Controls 

North Korea has only a few media outlets: one news agency, three television networks, 
three radio stations, several major newspapers, and an undetermined number of special interest 
domestic publications. The small number of news outlets is, however, less of a problem for 
foreign information gatherers than is the quality of their content. Almost no useful statistics on 
the economy or society have been published since the mid-1960s, and no political debates have 
been published or broadcast. In addition, the media provides no objective coverage of world 
events. 

As with all functions in the DPRK, the Korean Workers' Party (KWP) sets policies and 
oversees operational control, while government organizations implement the policies. 
Information is disseminated and managed by the Propaganda and Agitation Department of the 
KWP Central Committee. The department's control extends to political directorates within all 
ministries. Both the quantity and quality of information are controlled by the KWP and various 
government offices. Newspapers, broadcasting, and other mass media are major means for 
information dissemination and political propaganda. The mass media and Internet sites are 
government-owned ventures; control also extends to academic and artistic circles. 

To take an example from newspaper publishing, the KWP oversees the Reporters 
Committee. The editor-in-chief of Nodong sinmun, the DPRK's premier newspaper, serves as 
committee chairman. The committee has four departments: editorial, propaganda, international, 
and editing (which promotes editorial quality and ideological consistency). The committee also 
runs a press school, which teaches editorial skills and indoctrinates reporters in party ideology. 4 

It is also clear that media pronouncements in the DRPK cannot be taken at face value; 
communication strategy is very carefully devised by the Propaganda Department and conforms 
strictly to party policy. It is also important to recognize that Kim Chong-il has a personal role in 
managing the media. Media controls ensure that only appropriate items are reported and 
censorship of foreign news ensures that the population learns only that which serves the regime's 
narrowly defined political goals. 

North Korea's routine reportage and ideologically based propaganda, even when read 
carefully, rarely provide an accurate and predictive guide to North Korean behavior. Even 


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experienced readers of communication coming out of North Korea find it difficult to forecast 
North Korean behavior, although if the media is read systematically it can reveal changes in 
themes and rhetoric. This is true as regards North Korean threats against South Korea, which are 
conscientiously crafted in specificity and level of authority. For example, a particularly irate 
message from Pyongyang to Seoul may be used when the former wishes to buy time, maneuver to 
determine how to respond to an issue, or strengthen solidarity and support of the domestic 
audience for the regime. Other information represents coded expressions of government policies 
coming from the highest levels of the Propaganda Department. 

Because of the degree of control exercised, the DPRK is able to target communications 
separately to domestic and foreign audiences. Domestic media censorship is strictly enforced, and 
the ordinary North Korean citizen is prohibited from listening to foreign media broadcasts, 
although senior KWP officials have good access to foreign media. News directed at the foreign 
audience might be withheld from the domestic audience, except for the top cadres who have 
access to foreign media via the government's Ch'amgo t'ongsin (Reference News), an internal 
publication with a limited print run that covers news stories—both international and domestic—not 
released to the public. 

There are basic differences between domestic-oriented media and coverage targeted at 
foreign audiences. The domestic media provides citizens with politically screened news, sports, 
educational programs, and entertainment. News programs inform the public about only those 
domestic and international issues selected by government officials. An important theme in foreign 
news stories is criticism of the United States and Japan for their alleged military provocations 
against North Korea and for their opposition to socialism. Items in the media aimed at foreign 
audiences may be hidden from domestic audiences; the reverse is not true except for the local 
public address system, also known as the third broadcast network. 

The Korean Central Broadcasting Network (KCBN, or KCBS, Korean Central 
Broadcasting System or station) is directed primarily towards the domestic audience; Pyongyang 
Broadcasting Network (PBN) is directed towards South Korea and overseas listeners. 

(P'yongyang is well aware that KCBN, the domestic radio station, is monitored overseas.) 

Television news programs broadcast on the Korean Central Television Network (KCTN) 


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follow the line taken by KCBN. Stories broadcast by the country's foreign news agency, Korean 
Central News Agency (KCNA), follow the PBN pattern. Broadcasts aimed at foreign audiences 
omit most stories about the economic successes of North Korean work units, presumably because 
of lack of foreign audience interest. 

Except for Reference News, the function of the DPRK's news media is not to present the 
latest news (major news stories may be printed weeks or months after the event), but to 
selectively present news in a manner that promotes party policies and glorifies the two Kims. 

News stories are edited for ideological content rather than accuracy. For example, all newspaper 
articles are censored by the respective newspaper department chiefs, who then send their articles 
to the editorial bureau, from which the articles make their way up the chain of command to the 
editor. In some cases, articles are referred up to the government's State Inspection Bureau (in 
charge of censorship of news and publications) and to the KWP Central Committee's Propaganda 
and Agitation Department (see Domestic Media Sources: The Climate for Internal and External 
Flow of Information). When an article is finally published, it may not be timely, but it is politically 
correct. 

The same type of organization and censorship process operates in the broadcast media. 5 
The Central Broadcasting Committee, under the joint authority of the government and party, 
oversees the radio and television network as well as the public address system. The Voice of 
National Salvation station, which broadcasts from North Korea, but claims it originates in South 
Korea, is under the direct authority of the KWP's United Front Department, rather than the 
Central Broadcasting Committee (see Radio and Television). 

According to a North Korean script writer who worked for the Central Broadcasting 
Committee before he defected to South Korea in 1996, writers receive five to seven broadcast 
policy guidelines every month from the KWP's Propaganda and Agitation Department, 
presumably under the direct orders of Kim Chong-il. 6 From one month to the next, the policies are 
similar: extol the greatness of Kim Il-sung and Kim Chong-il, demonstrate the correctness of 
North Korea's "socialism in our own style," expose the aggressive nature of the United States and 
Japan and the corruption of capitalism, and criticize the weaknesses of the South Korean 
government. Scripts are subjected to internal department censorship and inspection by the State 


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North Korea in 21st Century: Open Source Research 


Inspection Bureau. After a program is produced, it undergoes a second censorship review before 
it can be aired. 

Another means of exerting media control is through the local public address systems, the 
third broadcast network. This system, with fixed installation in homes and in public buildings, as 
well as mobile systems mounted on trucks for local announcements, became operational in 1955. 
Loudspeakers can be observed everywhere, and announcements are frequently made. 
Administered by local broadcast committees, the public address system transmits indoctrination 
programs, disseminates information, and makes necessary announcements. 7 The broadcasts 
received by the domestic population, however, might be considered classified information for 
foreigners. 

Pyongyang is well aware of the tradeoffs between maintaining internal political control 
and building an overall national technological capacity to support its communications 
infrastructure. Can North Korea afford to pass up on the development of a broader "public" 
telecommunications infrastructure? It is a matter of priorities. While modernization and, 
ultimately, economic gains would come from such development, such development would also 
enhance open source collection. 

There is little incentive for North Korea to fund a public telecommunications 
infrastructure, given that it would open access to communication and thus decrease the 
government's control of information. Further, such development would require a significant 
infusion of funds, and North Korean officials are cautious about foreign investment. An enhanced 
telecommunications network within the military and a separate network for the small foreign 
community in the Najin-Sonbong Free Economic and Trade Zone would likely be the first step 
towards opening communications. It is possible that the military might, given its greater access to 
funding and technology, move forward on the development of telecommunications infrastructure 
without threatening the power structure. 

North Korea is capable of shutting down or proscribing all unofficial information 
activities. Even under the several likely scenarios projected for the Korean Peninsula between 
1997 and 2010, North Korea will continue to restrict the information environment. The 
development of new media sources outside government control is also unlikely because of the 


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government monopoly of the media; the unavailability of basic resources (for example, paper and 
a printing press); controlled access to typewriters, facsimile, and mimeograph machines; 
technology constraints; and the lack of a competitive, market-driven environment, and an 
entrepreneurial culture. 

Internal media controls have, for most of the population, successfully thwarted a natural 
desire for information and self-expression. In addition, the lack of a modem telecommunications 
infrastructure, improvements in education and commerce, and the resources necessary to advance 
electronic media will continue to limit opportunities for media expansion. Nor are there many 
information providers with resources or, in some cases, even the inclination to produce 
information. This situation, combined with funding constraints driven by other priorities, will 
prevent any significant additional opportunities for North Korea to open to the outside world and 
the resultant expansion of the international information and telecommunications industries. 
Therefore, diverse approaches to gathering open source information on North Korea from a wide 
variety of sources (third-country stakeholders such as South Korea and Japan, in particular) will 
be necessary in order to obtain intelligence and formulate policy. 

THE OPEN SOURCE INFORMATION SETTING 
The Role of the Media: Information and Disinformation 

Little is known about the news consumption habits of the average North Korean. Given 
the controlled, political nature of news programming, however, the average North Korean clearly 
knows little about the state of the country and the state of the world. The tight surveillance 
imposed over North Koreans apparently limits the utility of the neighborhood or workplace 
grapevine as a news channel. 

In its communications, the KWP-controlled press is trying to achieve at least three goals: 
to persuade, inform, and entertain, in descending order of importance. North Korea is justly 
famous for the effort it puts into propaganda and indoctrination, and since the decline of global 
communism, the government has stepped up efforts to inculcate its citizens with socialist ideology 
to ward off the threat of a social collapse in the face of economic hardship. Under the direction of 
Kim Chong-il, who began his career in the KWP's propaganda department, the media have been 


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used even more vigorously for propaganda purposes. 

In the 1990s, several treatises released under Kim Chong-il's name argue for the 

tremendous importance of ideology in North Korea. 8 A 1997 article in the North Korean press 

cites the "recent" passage of the DPRK's Communication Service Law. Kim Chong-il is quoted: 

The socialist communications service is a crucial method for timely notifying 
people about the party line and policy; for guaranteeing the unified leadership of 
the party and state for carrying out the line and policy; and for contributing to the 
independent and creative livelihood of the popular masses. 9 

Kim advocates increased indoctrination, especially in the mid-1990s when the people are 
frustrated by severe economic hardships. "Publications, the press, literature and art are mighty 
ideological weapons for educating, organizing and mobilizing the masses," according to Kim. 

Mass Communications Sources 

Domestic Media Sources: The Climate for External and Internal Flow of Information 

Control is easier to impose on media channels than on human channels, at least at the 
private level. Correspondents who are stationed in Pyongyang are severely restricted in their 
news gathering activities. Channels serving the foreign audience are controlled by preventing 
foreign news agencies from posting correspondents in the country. 

There is no U.S.-based news presence in North Korea. CNN, however, has cultivated a 
unique relationship as a U.S. media representative and has opened lines of communication with 
the government. Although CNN does not have a correspondent stationed in North Korea, CNN 
personnel have visited North Korea seven times since 1994, even meeting with Kim Il-sung and 
Kim Jong-il. CNN personnel were in the country most recently in August 1997. These visits, 
usually involving one or two reporters and a technical person (and in once instance also 
accompanied by former President Jimmy Carter), were subject to negotiations in terms of 
requested access and scheduling. CNN personnel were always escorted. During these visits, 
CNN used North Korean broadcast studios for live satellite feeds. The potential for significant 
open source information coming through this channel is circumscribed by limitations placed on 
CNN personnel vis-a-vis access and scheduling. Nonetheless, the fact of the continuing 
relationship portends for the possibility of a more open information flow. 


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North Korea in 21st Century: Open Source Research 


The methods the government uses to indoctrinate both the domestic and the international 
audience are simple and unsophisticated. A few themes are repeated over and over: loyalty to 
Kim Chong-il, community (socialist) spirit, the superiority of chuch'e (or juche , loosely defined as 
national self-reliance or autonomy), the superiority of the masses, the need to protect the 
fatherland from the imperialists, and the evils of the South Korean government. 

The domestic audience receives only the information that the government feels will 
support official ideology. Perhaps as much as 80 percent of media resources is devoted to 
persuasion, and 80 percent of the persuasive communications plays on three themes: the value and 
certain triumph of socialism, the importance of chuch 'e, and loyalty to Kim Chong-il. Much 
practical information, for example, what meetings people should attend and what community 
tasks they should undertake, is communicated locally through the public address system or 
through neighborhood and work group meetings. 

Ideological considerations that may seem inconsequential to foreigners play a decisive role 
in shaping the news in North Korea. A case in point is Morgan E. Clippinger's classic study of the 
use of the term "Party Center" to refer to Kim Chong-il between 1974, when he presumably 
became the leading candidate to succeed his father, and in 1980, when he was presented to the 
nation as heir and was mentioned specifically by name in the North Korean press. The question as 
to why he was given an alias during this period is, as Clippinger notes, "more difficult to address" 
than the question of what the alias was. 

Clippinger believes that understanding the DPRK's use of code words and distinctive 
political terminology requires consideration of the impact that communication will have on both 
the domestic and foreign audience in terms of enhancing the legitimacy of the ruling elite. 
Examples from references to Kim Chong-il in the 1990s, his assumption of the title of yongdoja 
(leader), but not his father's suryong (top leader), indicates that he does not yet wish to be 
considered his father's equal. References to him in the press as "Secretary," "General," and 
"Marshal" vary according to the purpose of the article and the context in which he is described. 
These titles may convey special meaning to the domestic audience in North Korea. The challenge 
for foreign analysts is to interpret what the use of various titles tells us about Kim Chong-il's 
present and future position in the power hierarchy and how other terminology is used to present 


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North Korea in 21st Century: Open Source Research 


information. 10 

Publication Venues and Media Outlets 

According to a KCNA news release, "Hundreds of kinds of periodicals are published by 
the DPRK." 11 Most of these serial publications are unavailable to foreign audiences, however, 
and those mailed to foreign addresses arrive only intermittently. The Korea Publications Export 
and Import Agency is the only authorized agency for exporting and importing publications in 
North Korea. The agency's 1996 catalog provides titles and summaries of publications available 
for export that are expected to be published that year in both Korean and foreign languages (the 
list does not include all publications cited below.) Books are also offered for sale. Subject areas 
include the works or philosophy of Kim Il-sung and Kim Chong-il, revolutionary traditions, and 
general works such as those on folk games, demography, archaeology, and chuch'e—as related to 
literature and art. (Much of the following information in this section comes from the FBIS Media 
Guide: Democratic People's Republic of Korea, FB WMR 96-009, June 10, 1996; the Republic 
of Korea's Ministry of National Unification, Pukhan Charyo Moklok , 1995; and the DPRK's 
Korea Publications Export & Import Corporation, Catalogue of Korean Publications 1996. Note 
that subscription figures cited by KCNA, March 27, 1996, may be inflated.) 

Korean Central News Agency (KCNA) 

KCNA is North Korea's only news agency. Operating under the direction of the State 

Administration Council (cabinet), KCNA: 

speaks for the Workers' Party of Korea and the DPRK government.... The 
KCNA is in charge of uniform delivery of news and other information to mass 
media of the country, including newspapers and radios. It develops the friendly 
and cooperative relations with foreign news agencies. 12 

KCNA supplies the foreign audience with the same ideological fare—the superior nature of North 
Korea's ideological life and its military strength—as it does the domestic audience. KCNA 
broadcasts over Intelsat to Europe, Asia, Africa, and the Americas in English, Russian, French, 
and Spanish, generally operating from 0200 to 1330 GMT. Its English-language broadcasts to 
the Americas are from 0400-0600 and 2130-2300 GMT Monday through Saturday on 13580 kHz 


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and 11476 kHz. In addition to carrying news and programs on domestic and international affairs, 
KCNA broadcasts statements by government officials and organizations and editorials from 
Nodong sinmun and Minju choson\ the two newspapers are available abroad by subscription. 
KCNA has a Chosen Soren-sponsored web site (under the name of Korea News Service) in 
English: http://www.kcna.co.jp. [Chosen Soren (Japanese) is the largest association of Koreans 
outside North Korea. It is also known as Choch'ongryon or Chongnyong (Korean), the 
abbreviation for Chae ilbon Choson In Ch'ong Yonhaphoe, literally General Association of 
Korean Residents in Japan (see Koreans Living Overseas). The organization consistently 
promotes pro-North Korean institutions, including schools, businesses, and cultural organizations, 
and has a variety of publications (see Japan)]. 

Newspapers 

Newspapers are distributed to government and party officials, down to the level of village 
and neighborhood chiefs, who then post the news to the rest of the community. Among officials, 
reading newspapers, especially Nodong sinmun , is required. Important articles are often 
discussed at daily political meetings held in the workplace or in the community. Newspaper 
articles are also read over the radio. Each of the ten provincial governments publishes a 
newspaper under the authority of the State Administration Council. Total circulation is in the 
range of 50,000. 

Nodong sinmun 

Nodong sinmun (Worker's Daily) is the newspaper of the KWP. An authoritative source 
of news and policy, Nodong sinmun is the most important newspaper in the country. Printed on 
higher quality paper than the DPRK's other newspapers, Nodong sinmun is published in the 
morning seven days a week and has a reported circulation of over 1 million. Articles cover a wide 
range of topics, including political ideology, domestic affairs, human-interest features, criticism of 
the South Korean, U.S., and Japanese governments, and international stories (such as an alleged 
global food shortage) that support the official policy of the government or glorify Kim Il-sung or 
Kim Chong-il. The paper is available for sale outside of the DPRK, and until the end of the 1980s 


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a free subscription was granted to the libraries of a handful of top universities in the United States. 

Nodong sinmun is the party newspaper. The Central Newspaper Committee, under the 
joint authority of KWP Central Committee's Propaganda and Agitation Department and the State 
Administration Council, directs the newspaper's operation. Nodong sinmun's editor-in-chief, Kim 
Chol-myong, has the rank of minister in the party. He oversees three to five deputy editors and is 
advised by an editorial committee. The deputy editors supervise a dozen news departments 
responsible for such topics as party affairs, agriculture, South Korea, photojournalism, local 
issues, and the military. 

Through 1996, the Asian Division of the Library of Congress received Nodong sinmun 
and Minju choson by arrangement with Hong Kong's Chiao Liu Publication Trading Co. Ltd. 
Beginning in 1997, Tokyo's Japan Publications Trading Co. became the Library's vendor for these 
two publications. No issues of these two papers have been received in 1997. 

Minju choson (Minju chosun) 

Minju choson (Democratic Korea), the official newspaper of the government, is published 

under the authority of the State Administration Council. Its dual goals are to inform and 

indoctrinate government officials and to inform the masses of the issues related to the governance 

of the DPRK. The newspaper is published six days a week and has a distribution of between 

100,000 and 200,000 copies. Minju chosoris content is similar to that of Nodong sinmun; the 

two papers sometimes carry identical articles. Minju choson , however, carries more articles about 

government administrative activities and the achievements of government organizations, and 

provides coverage of newly enacted laws and administrative decrees. Minju choson also has 

fewer articles on political ideology than does Nodong sinmun. Kim Il-sung once explained that: 

The duty of Minju choson is to offer a faithful explanation of the government's 
decrees and the policies of the state, and thereby make them take root among the 
masses, and thus to facilitate the mobilization of the masses for the realization of 
such policies. 13 

(For a better informed perspective, North Korea analysts with Korean-language capability should 
read both Nodong sinmun and Minju choson .) 


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Pyongyang sinmun 

Pyongyang sinmun (Pyongyang Daily), with a nationwide circulation of approximately 
50,000, is the newspaper of the Pyongyang City People's Committee. In addition to carrying the 
same kinds of articles as do the two major papers, it also serializes novels, has cartoons, and 
contains advertisements. Pyongyang sinmun is designed to be of more general interest than 
Nodong sinmun or Minju choson, but because its content is so predictable, most people avoid it 
unless it is being read over the public address systems. 

Chongnyon chonwi (formerly Nodong chongnyon ) 

Chongnyon chonwi (Youth Vanguard) is the newspaper of the Kim Il-sung Socialist 
Youth League (formerly the League of Socialist Working Youth of Korea or LSWYK). Both the 
name of the organization and its newspaper changed in January 1996. The publication prints 
articles encouraging North Korea's highly regimented youth to be loyal to Kim Il-sung and his son 
and to excel in revolutionary zeal for the party and the revolution. The newspaper is also a source 
of news about what the various units of the League are doing throughout the country. It is 
published six days a week and has a circulation of approximately 60,000. 

Choson inmingun 

Choson inmingun (Korean People's Army), the official daily newspaper of the Ministry of 
People's Armed Forces, is about the military and for the military. The newspaper's distribution is 
limited to the armed services. Given the rise in importance of the military, this publication may 
become increasingly significant in the future. In 1995 and 1996, the annual New Year's Message, 
the most important message of the year, which had been delivered by Kim Il-sung in his lifetime, 
was published jointly by Nodong sinmun , Minju choson , and Choson inmingun , with the latter 
replacing Chongnyon chonwi as the third most important newspaper in the country. 

The P'yongyang Times 

The P'yongyang Times , a weekly newspaper, is published in English and French every 
Saturday. Its articles by North Korean and foreign writers cover the news in the service of 


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glorifying North Korea and the two Kims. The government claims a readership of 173,000 in 160 
countries. 14 

Ch’amgo t'ongsin (Reference News) 

Ch'amgo t'ongsin is a limited-distribution daily news summary similar in nature and 
function to the U.S. Department of Defense Early Bird. It is believed that the publication is hand 
delivered to less than than 1,000 top government and party officials. The newspaper prints 
original versions of articles from the international press and covers events in North Korea that are 
not reported to the general public, such as natural disasters and industrial accidents. 

Major Serials and Journals 

The Catalogue of Korean Publications offers a variety of serial and book titles that are 
available for export. These specific titles may not reveal critical open source information, but they 
do provide insight into the state of the various industrial sectors and what might be of interest to 
North Korean scientists, engineers, and so on. Periodical titles include: Kisul hyoksin (Technical 
Innovation), a monthly publication; the bimonthly magazines Kwahagwon t'ongbo (Bulletin of the 
Academy of Sciences), Chonja konghak (Electronical Engineering); Kwahak ui segye (World of 
Science) and Chunggongop (Heavy Industry; abstracts), and such quarterly publications as 
Kyongjeyongu (Study on Economy), Mulli (Physics), Ch'aegul konghak (Mining Engineering), 
and Choson Minjujuui Inmin Konghwaguk Palmyong kongbo (DPRK; the catalog translates the 
title as Official Report of Inventions of the DPR of Korea). 

The DPRK also publishes scientific and technical serials that are available for export. The 
catalog offers two monthly publications: Kigye chejak (Machine Manufacturing) and Chonja 
chadonghwa (Electronics and Automation); 17 bimonthly publications, including Konsol 
(Construction), Kyot'ong unsu (Transport), and Chollyok (Electricity), and three quarterly 
publications Chijil (Geology), Kukt'o (Land), and Yakhak (Pharmacy) and the monthly pictorial 
Choson. With the exception of Chollima, Choson chungangyongam, and Choson , the 
publications detailed below are not available for export. 


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Kulloja 

Kulloja (Worker) is the monthly theoretical journal of the KWP Central Committee. The 
journal, which runs to some 90 pages, publishes analysis and interpretation of party policies. A 
valuable source of information, it carries important editorials and announces new policy lines and 
specific party instructions. High-level party and government officials are invited to write for the 
journal, and some of the articles are of considerable significance as a guide to the thoughts of the 
political elite. Kulloja discontinued subscriptions to overseas subscribers in 1992, severely 
curtailing its availability and making it much more difficult to obtain. 

Chollima 

Chollima (Flying Horse, a legendary Korean horse that traveled a thousand ri or //—2,440 
miles a day) is a general interest monthly magazine containing articles on political ideology and 
the economy. The magazine, published under the authority of the KWP's Central Committee, 
contains lighter fare than Kulloja , including human-interest stories, fiction, and comic strips. 
Lower-level cadres are the targeted readership. Some of the more ideological articles, which tend 
to emphasize revolutionary motivation and mass mobilization campaigns, are of significance for 
North Korea analysts. They are especially important because they are mostly written by mid- or 
lower-level government officials and plant supervisors. 15 

Choson 

Choson , the name North Koreans use for "Korea,” is a glossy pictorial magazine published 
in English, French, Spanish, Chinese, Russian, and Arabic. As the leading promotional 
publication for overseas readers, its articles glorify North Korea, the two Kims, and revolutionary 
achievements, including construction projects. 

Democratic People's Republic of Korea 

This glossy pictorial, published bimonthly in English and Korean, and containing articles 
on North Korean society, culture, history, geography, and occasionally politics, is almost identical 
to Choson. However, the Democratic People's Republic of Korea also has a section on foreign 


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visitors to the nation (in the English version) and on ethnic Korean visitors to the nation (in the 
Korean version). The magazine is said to have a readership of 167,500 in 165 foreign countries. 

Korea Today 

Korea Today , a monthly political and economic propaganda magazine published in 
English, French, Spanish, Russian, Chinese, and Arabic, targets the educated reader with articles 
on the political and economic achievements of the DPRK. Some articles are written by foreign 
authors. The government claims a readership of 138,000 in 154 countries. 16 

Foreign Trade of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea 

This publication is a quarterly magazine sponsored by the DPRK's external trade office 
(whose name changes from year to year). Articles are designed to attract foreign investors to the 
DPRK. Published in English, Russian, Chinese, French, Spanish, and Japanese editions, the 
magazine is said to have a readership of 28,000 in 97 countries. 

Glossy pictorial articles about investment sites and advertisements for export items depict 
the "state of the art" of diverse North Korean industrial products—ranging from cargo ships, 
tractors, and television transmission systems, to saunas, pharmaceuticals, fiirs, and decorative 
objects. The advertisements and/or articles include product specifications and photographs, and 
addresses, telephone, and facsimile (fax) numbers for the various enterprises. An issue might 
include an article with maps of road networks and port specifications as well as photographs and 
specifications of heavy machinery or celadon vases available for export. 

Choson chungangyon'gam 

Published once a year in November or December by KCNA, Choson chungang yon'gam 
(Korean Central Yearbook) covers the previous year's domestic and international events. The 
yearbook also includes speeches, interviews, new laws, and major official statements and 
agreements involving North Korea. 


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Radio and Television 

Radio and television are important for the "signals," that is, the intent of the government, 
their broadcasts supply. The KWP's Central Broadcasting Committee establishes broadcast 
policies and oversees civilian and military broadcast operations, which are controlled by the 
Ministry of Communications and the Ministry of the People's Armed Forces, respectively. The 
size of the Central Broadcasting Committee's staff is unknown, but it probably has at least several 
hundred employees. 17 

Korea watchers believe that only the use of electrically operated radios is authorized. This 
restriction is clearly because North Korean officials would find it difficult to monitor portable, 
battery-operated radios, which could easily be used to receive foreign broadcasts. 

In 1997, about 25 percent of North Koreans owned radios; an estimated 6 million radios 
are in use in homes and workplaces. 18 All radios have dials that are fixed to KCBN's domestic 
frequency, except for radios in the possession of the elite. 

There are 28 radio stations: 15 use amplitude modulation (AM) and 13 use frequency 
modulation (FM) (see tables 1 and 2). 19 FM stations primarily broadcast traditional and 
revolutionary music, although political messages, news, and other programming are also provided. 
The daily hours of operation are the same as for AM stations. 20 

The overwhelming majority of the population does not have access to foreign 
broadcasts—only select officials do. Estimates for the number of special, unfixed radios range 
from 400,000 to 1.2 million sets. 21 Just as Reference News is restricted to the elite, so are foreign 
broadcasts. 

There are two government-operated radio networks. Both KCBN and PBN have stations 
whose broadcasts are received in Seoul, South Korea. 

KCBN has stations in Pyongyang and eight of the country's nine provinces. These 
stations broadcast on AM frequencies 22 hours a day, seven days a week. The broadcast day 
begins at 0500 Pyongyang time. 

Stories broadcast on KCBN regularly exalt the accomplishments of Kim Chong-il or 
criticize South Korea. Other news items praise the memory of Kim Il-sung (1912-94) and laud 
specific work units, such as collective farms, for exceeding unstated quotas or for introducing 


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innovations. Scheduled programming includes political commentaries, public information, and 
educational courses oriented to factory workers in cities and farmers in rural areas. KCBN airs 
public affairs announcements submitted by state-owned enterprises, farms, rural and urban 
government offices, schools, army units, and other organizations. Censors at the local, provincial, 
and national levels ensure that politically questionable information is not aired. In this way, the 
KWP prohibits unauthorized local and regional news from being broadcast and possibly 
monitored by foreigners. 

Subjects approved for dissemination include all pro-government activities, some reports 
on the completion of construction projects and the achievement of production quotas, educational 
and cultural affairs, celebrations of KWP-designated events, and KWP-organized demonstrations. 
Broadcasts do not provide coverage of disasters, crime, unemployment, and other such events 
that Pyongyang chooses not to disseminate. Programs produced daily in P'yongyang for national 
distribution are compulsory and dominate the airwaves although stations broadcast some local and 
regional news. 

KCBN also broadcasts to beyond North Korea's borders in eight languages. Daily 
shortwave radio broadcasts for worldwide dissemination in Korean, Arabic, Chinese, Russian, 
English, French, and Spanish are also produced. These broadcasts provide international audiences 
with the KWP's assessment of political, economic, and social developments on the Korean 
Peninsula and around the world. Since 1985, P'yongyang has utilized some international news 
items provided by the Japan Broadcasting Corporation. International organizations, particularly 
the UN Population Fund (UNFPA) and the UN Childrens Fund (UNICEF), have assisted 
P'yongyang in producing health-related programs. 22 North Korea is not known to have any radio 
talk shows to which listeners call in and ask questions. 

The PBN operates five AM stations and thirteen FM stations. The AM stations located in 
Haeju, Sinuiju, and Chongjin target external audiences in South Korea, China, and Russia, 
respectively. 

The Voice of National Salvation, a radio station that began operating in 1970, broadcasts 
from Haeju, North Korea and is beamed to South Korea. The station claims to be South Korean 
in origin. According to a North Korean defector who worked at the station, kidnapped South 


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Koreans are used as announcers because they speak the South Korean dialect. Programming is 
openly hostile towards Seoul and is designed to agitate South Koreans, especially the youth. The 
station is a propaganda tool designed to demonstrate how popular North Korea and the two Kims 
are in South Korea. 

Private domestic broadcasts are prohibited by law. Foreign broadcasts must be approved 
by the KWP Central Broadcasting Committee. 

In 1997, only an estimated 2 percent of the population owned a television; the average 
family does not own a set. 23 Several foreign sources claim that there are only about 250,000 
television sets in the entire country. (1994 statistics report 126 radios per 1,000 people and 12 
televisions per 100 people for North Korea and 1,017 radios per 1,000 people and 32 televisions 
per 100 for South Korea. 24 ) The elite have access to television at home, but the average villager 
very likely views television at the neighborhood chiefs home or in some public facility. Television 
reception is localized. According to Kyu Kim, North Korea does not produce live television 
broadcasts. 

The Korean Central Television Network (or station, KCTN), the country's national 
television network, is located in the Moranbong district of Pyongyang. KCTN broadcasts on 
VHF channel 8 using the PAL color system. The station is on the air weekdays from 1400 to 
2200 Pyongyang time; on weekends and holidays KCTS broadcasts from 0800 to 2200. KCTN 
presents a wide variety of programming that includes films, children's programs, educational 
shows, taped performances by North Korean musical groups and other entertainers, North Korean 
sports events, and talk shows. Foreign films are shown, and some coverage of international 
events is provided. News broadcasts air at 1700, 2000, and 2200 daily. All programs are selected 
and edited to conform to KWP broadcast policies. 25 

The Mansudae Television Network (or station MTN), located in the Mansudae district of 
P'yongyang, was formerly Pyongyang's local television station. It broadcasts only during 
weekends and holidays. MTN is on the air from 1900 to 2300 on Saturdays. On Sundays and 
holidays, the hours of operation are 1000 to 1300 and 1600 to 2200. Most of its programming is 
cultural, featuring popular forms of entertainment, including taped concerts and arts 
performances, foreign movies, and sports events. 


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The Educational and Cultural Broadcast Network began operations on February 16, 1997, 
replacing the Kaesong Television Network, which was directed at viewers in South Korea until it 
closed in February 1997. Programming is divided into five categories: education, science, culture 
and life, sports, and entertainment. The station is on the air from 1900 to 2200 weekdays and 
Saturdays, and from 1200 to 2200 on Sundays and holidays. 26 

The Internet 

An inadequate infrastructure, technological isolation, and funding constraints limit the 
development and use of the Internet in North Korea. These factors, combined with the issues of 
government control and ideological values, the implications of the spread of information—both 
outgoing and incoming—and North Korea's growing foreign debt—currently believed to be 
approximately U.S.$12 billion—have restricted the growth of the Internet. 

A public information superhighway is nonexistent in North Korea. An undeveloped 
infrastructure and government-imposed censorship have precluded Internet activity even at 
government institutions and universities. Internet providers with databases offering either free or 
commercial services do not exist. Intranets are similarly undeveloped. E-mail also plays no role 
in common information exchange. However, if and when approved users gain access and 
Pyongyang sees utility in this mode of communication, Internet-based information will, of course, 
be disseminated faster than by traditional print media. 

Without outside investment and technical support, there is little likelihood of an Internet 
boom. And, if South Korea, China, Japan, or other interested nations did offer to invest in a 
North Korean information superhighway, they would very likely demand loosening of access 
restrictions. Restrictions would undermine the purpose of outside investment—to foster more 
openness in trade and to enhance communications between individuals and organizations. It 
seems unlikely that the necessary loosening would take place, however; Internet access would 
very likely be restricted to party and government officials and to trusted academics. Thus, the 
outlook for Internet expansion is negative unless Pyongyang decides to significantly ease 
controls. 

Even in the best of circumstances, time will still be a factor in North Korea's Internet 


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growth and development. Development requires extended negotiations, commitment of funds, 
complex design work, and extensive construction. Given this situation, it is likely that no 
significant changes in Internet development will occur within the next few years. If Internet 
development did become a priority, there would still be a considerable delay in its impact on the 
average North Korean, with the exception of party and government officials, academics, and 
military personnel, who likely would be given access. Economic constraints would also tend to 
hinder the spread of information and access. If the status quo, with gradual liberalization of 
information policies comes into play, major Internet growth may become viable around the year 
2010. 

It is likely that the Internet will not be used for everyday educational and consumer 
purposes before 2010. Although North Koreans are reported to be almost universally 
literate—estimates range from 95 percent to 99 percent—they are not sophisticated users of 
information, that is, they are not consumers of world news, financial, or technical information. 27 

North Korea will use the Internet to "collect" information and is likely to be doing so now. 
Collection strategies are reflected in browsing patterns. Whether or not browsing patterns will 
reveal the interests of individuals doing the browsing depends upon whether or not they can be 
tracked. Tracking may be impossible if individuals go through websites that strip away all 
information about the origin and identity of the individuals, thus affording anonymity. English 
language collection will predominate for the forseeable future. 

While there are a large number of Korean language Internet sites that originate in South 
Korea, North Korean users might face a language problem, because English is the defacto 
language of the Internet. Websites in South Korea offer information on the Korean Peninsula 
using a Korean language browser and/or a hangul font support program (see Appendix, Selected 
Electronic Links on North Korea.) 

Although there is no genuine activity within North Korea on the web, that is, in terms of a 
free exchange of ideas or intellectual exercise, websites that originate outside the country carry 
officially sanctioned news and information on the DPRK. As such, these websites tow the North 
Korean political line. Pyongyang will continue to sponsor these few Internet sites for propaganda 
and economic purposes. The only known node, that of KCNA 


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[http://www.kcna.co.jp/index.htm], is through Japan. The webpage, "WWW Links to 
Pyongyang," [http://www.etn.nl/wwwlinks/lpyongya.htm], which has not been updated since 
December 15, 1996, is via the Netherlands. As of late-1997, there were no networks registered 
with a country code for North Korea. 

Information about North Korea accessed via the Internet is most likely to originate from 
South Korea, Japan, or the United States. There are also numerous academic websites, such as 
those at Harvard University, the University of Hawaii, and the University of Oregon, and library 
systems, such as the Council on East Asian Libraries, that provide information on the Korean 
Peninsula (see also Foreign Media Sources). 

Foreign Media Sources 

Although technically not a mass communication source, universities and their 
libraries—and where applicable, their special collections—are a valuable resource for exploiting 
open source information. Government libraries such as the Library of Congress are also an 
important source of information on the Korean Peninsula. Many libraries now have information 
accessible online (specific information is provided by country). The following information is 
presented by country in order of importance as foreign media sources. 

South Korea 

South Korean publications are a valuable source of information on North Korea despite 
their bias. The use of such materials requires extreme caution vis-a-vis accuracy, ideological bent, 
and disinformation. Nonetheless, South Korea has far more publications that cover North Korea 
than any other country. Indeed, Seoul's Ministry of National Unification, devoted to studying 
North Korea, has both its own think tank, the Korean Institute for National Unification, and a 
training center, the Education Institute for Unification. 

Naewoe f ongsin, or Naewoe Press, is a government-sponsored news service and one of 
the major sources of news, even though it is often not cited by Yonhap, the quasi-government 
news agency, or other South Korean dailies. The propagandists bent of Naewoe f ongsin, 
however, does not preclude its being a useful source for news and analysis of North Korean 


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issues. Naewoe monitors KCBN and Pyongyang Radio and distributes news releases twice daily 
to newspaper companies. It also publishes a weekly edition with commentary and provides 
special reports to Korean-language newspapers. Naewoe does not charge for its services or 
publications. It is backed by the Agency for National Security Planning (ANSP) and presumably 
some ANSP information trickles into the open source arena through Naewoe publications. When 
a Sisa Journal reporter contacted Naewoe to gather information for an article about Naewoe, the 
agency is said to have responded that "it is our established practice that we do not respond to any 
outside inquiries about our operations." 28 

There are other reasons why South Korean publications are extremely useful in studying 
North Korea. South Koreans speak the same language and share the same culture as North 
Koreans. This fact is likely to facilitate their better understanding of North Korea and give them 
an edge over analysts lacking Korean language skills. Although South Korean reportage on 
North Korea is often biased, carefully reviewing South Korean pronouncements and predictions 
and comparing them when possible, with independent findings should reveal these biases. One 
should also note that United States analysts have their own bias vis-a-vis the two Koreas. [A 
useful summary of biases in the perception of international relations is discussed by Janice Gross 
Stein. 29 ] Nonetheless, South Korean sources will continue to provide valuable information on 
North Korea. 

South Korea also has restrictions on the release of information: 

Law 5242 of December 31, 1996, enacts the Act Concerning Freedom of 
Information of Public Institutions. It defines the scope of information subject to 
being made public (that is, documents, graphs, photographs, films, tapes, slides, 
and computer records) and also defines institutions whose information is subject to 
being made public (that is, central and local governments, government-invested 
organizations, and those determined by Presidential decree). 30 

Certain information held by public institutions—specifically that related to national security, public 
interest, or individual privacy—is not subject to disclosure. 

Because North Korea is one of the major topics of news in South Korea, all major 
newspapers regularly carry articles on North Korea. 

The following are Korean-language national dailies, published in Seoul: 


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Tong-a ilbo (East Asia Daily); 

Chungang ilbo (Central Daily); 

Choson ilbo (Choson Daily) (the object of DPRK bomb threats for retaliation 
against the paper's July 1997 editorial urging Kim Chong-il to step down; its 
reporters have been banned from entering the DPRK); 

Hanguk ilbo (Korea Daily); 

Seoul sinmun (Seoul Daily)—sponsored by the South Korean government; 
Kyonghyang sinmun (Capital Daily); 

Hangyore (One People Daily); 

Munhwa ilbo (Cultural Daily); 

Hanguk kyongje sinmun (Korean Economic Daily), and 
Maeil kyongje sinmun (Daily Economic Newspaper). 

Newspapers in major cities other than Seoul also carry news on North Korea, mostly 
following the stories from the leading dailies. Important Korean-language regional newspapers 
are: 

• Chunnam ilbo (Southern Cholla Province Daily); 

• Chunbuk ilbo (Northern Cholla Province Daily); 

• Kwangju ilbo (Kwangju Daily); 

• Taegu ilbo (Taegu Daily), and 

• Pusan ilbo (Pusan Daily). 

A number of widely read weekly and monthly Korean-language publications also carry in- 
depth stories on North Korea. The weekly publications are: 

• Sisa Journal (Current Affairs Weekly); 

• Chugan chungang (Weekly Central), and 

• Chugan choson (Weekly Choson). 

The monthly publications are: 

• Sindong-a (East Asia); 

• Wolgan choson (Monthly Choson), and 

• WIN (World Information & News), published by Chungang ilbo. 


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The following Korean-language journals are devoted exclusively to North Korean and 
unification studies: 

• Pukhan (North Korea) (published monthly by the Institute for North Korean 
Studies); 

• T'ongil han'guk (Unified Korea) (published monthly by the Institute for Peace 
Affairs); 

• T'ongil yon 'gu nonch 'ong (The Korean Journal of Unification Studies) (published 
quarterly by the Korean Institute for National Unification), and 

• T'ongil yon 'gu (Korean Unification Studies) (published biannually by the Institute 
for Korean Unification Studies, Yonsei University). 

The following Korean-language publications cover North Korea as well as a broader range 
of topics: 

• Kukka chollyak (National Strategy), a semiannual journal published by the Sejong 
Institute; 

• Han'guk nondan (Korea Forum), a monthly semi-academic journal that covers 
social science topics; and 

• Pukpang chonol (Northern Magazine), a bimonthly published by the Korean 
Northern Relations Council. The latter journal covers North Korea, China, and 
Russia. 

South Korea also publishes a wealth of English-language material on North Korea. 

• The Korea Herald and The Korea Times are English-language newspapers 
published in South Korea. 

• Korea Newsreview , a weekly English-language news magazine published by The 
Korea Herald , covers both South Korean and North Korean issues. 

• Asian Perspective , a biannual journal published jointly by the Institute for Far 
Eastern Studies, Kyungnam University, Seoul, and Portland State University, 
Portland, Oregon, devotes some 20 to 30 percent of its content to North Korean 
issues. 

• East Asian Review , a quarterly publication of the Institute for East Asian Studies, 


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Seoul, also covers North Korea as its major topic. 

Information Service on the Unification Question of the Korean Peninsula , 
published bimonthly by the Ministry of National Unification, reprints articles on 
North Korea and unification issues from other publications, especially East Asian 
Review and Korea and World Affairs. The serial also publishes its own 
appendixes. 

The Journal of East Asian Affairs , a biannual publication of the Research Institute 
for International Affairs, devotes 40 to 50 percent of its articles to North Korean 
issues. 

Korea and World Affairs , published quarterly by the Research Center for Peace 
and Unification of Korea, contains articles by (South) Korean and foreign scholars. 
Korea Focus , published bimonthly by the Korea Foundation, primarily publishes 
articles from the South Korean press, 30 to 40 percent of which are on North 
Korea and unification issues. 

Korea Observer , a quarterly published by the Institute of Korean Studies, devotes 
approximately 25 percent of its articles to North Korea and unification issues. 

The Korean Journal of Defense Analyses , a biannual publication of the Korea 
Institute for Defense Analyses, devotes 30 to 40 percent of its articles to defense 
and strategic issues involving North Korea. 

Korean Journal of International Studies , a quarterly publication of the Korean 
Institute of International Studies, covers global politics and regional and 
international issues with a focus on the Korean Peninsula; 

Korea Journal of National Unification is an annual publication of the Research 
Institute for National Unification (RINU), a think tank of the Ministry of National 
Unification. 

South-North Dialogue in Korea is an annual publication of the Office of South- 
North Dialogue, Ministry of National Unification. 

Topics on Korean Affairs, published by the Korean Overseas Information Service, 
contained original and reprinted articles; publication has ceased. 


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Vantage Point , published monthly by Naewoe t'ongsin, is devoted entirely to short 
articles and studies on North Korea. Vantage Point includes both interviews and 
invited articles; some of the latter provide information not easily obtained 
elsewhere. Beginning with its January 1997 issue, Vantage Point became available 
on The Korea Herald website: www.koreaherald.co.kr. 


Japan 

Japan has a high stake in the Korean Peninsula and a more objective view of North Korean 
affairs than is found in some of the conservative and government-controlled publications of South 
Korea. As the Japanese media is highly regarded, it is important to more fully exploit Japanese 
sources; Japanese-language publications in particular are an underutilized source of information 
on the Korean Peninsula. This situation is due in large part to a lack of translation resources in 
the United States government (see Key Impediments and Potential Enablers; Exploitation and 
Processing). 

There are several Japanese-language serial publications devoted entirely to North Korean 
issues as well as a substantial measure of grey literature. Among the former are: 

• Rajiopuresu Kita Chosen FAXNyusu (Radiopress North Korea Fax News), 
published daily by Radiopress; 

• Kita Chosen Seisaku Doko (North Korean Policy Trends), published monthly by 
Radiopress; 

• Chosen tsushin (Chosun Information), published daily by Chosen Soren’s Chosun 
Information, Ltd.; 

• Gekkan Chosen Shiryo (Monthly Chosun Data), published monthly by Chosen 
Soren's Institute for Korean Affairs; 

• Chosen Jiho (Chosun News), a weekly newspaper published by Chosen Soren; 

• The People's Korea , with readers in more than 120 countries, is an English- 
language weekly on Korean affairs published by Chosen Soren. The newspaper, 
published every Saturday in Tokyo since 1961, has a branch office in Pyongyang. 
Since its inception, this publication has given the North Korean point of view on 


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such topics as reunification, culture, history, and domestic and international affairs. 
The weekly opened a website on July 20, 1997. A shortened version of the 
newspaper, the website is updated every ten days. 

Japanese-language periodicals that occasionally carry articles on North Korea include: 

• Sekai, a monthly left-leaning journal favored by Japanese progressives; 

• Chuo Koron, a monthly journal with a centrist position; 

• Bungei Shunju, a monthly journal famous for its expose articles; 

• Aera, or Asahi Shimbun Extra Report and Analysis , a weekly general interest 
magazine published by Asahi Shimbun that carries articles on foreign and domestic 
affairs; 

• This is Yomiuri, a monthly published by Yomiuri Shimbun, and 

• Asahi Jonaru, a weekly published by Asahi Shimbun. 

English-language serial publications from Japan also include articles on North Korea: 

• Japan Echo , published monthly by the Japan Foundation carries articles on North 
Korean society, history, and ideology; 

• Japan Review of International Affairs , a quarterly published by The Japan Institute 
of International Affairs, a Ministry of Foreign Affairs think tank; and 

• Japan Times , a major English-language daily. 

Japanese think tanks and academic institutions also are highly regarded and can provide 
useful information on North Korea. Some of these institutions are noted below. 

The Institute for International Policy Studies in Tokyo "alone and in cooperation with 
domestic and worldwide research organizations, examines critical issues that face the world and 
Japan from an independent standpoint and with a global perspective." Reports such as the IIPS 
News Letter are free; other publications such as Asia-Pacific Review and Kojimachi Report are 
available by subscription. 31 

The Japan Institute of International Affairs, also in Tokyo, sponsors Sino-Japanese and 
Japanese-South Korean symposiums on international affairs. It publishes The Japan Review of 
International Affairs. The institute's library has more than 20,000 titles and press files. 32 

The Research Institute for Peace and Security, with a strong interest in Asian security, has 


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conducted a joint Asian security study with Chinese institutes (no further information is available). 
This Tokyo institute publishes one book and two monographs annually. 33 

The Center for Global Communications (GLOCOM) is a research arm of the International 
University of Japan. The center "is among the leading academic and applied research institutes in 
Japan focused on the Internet and global information policy issues." 34 

The International University of Japan Research Institute, an amalgamation of four research 
institutes within the university, was established on April 1, 1997, to conduct and encourage 
research with an Asia-Pacific focus. Current projects include "Asia-Pacific Regionalism: Trans- 
border Economic Activity and Framework for New Security," funded by the Japan Private School 
Promotion Foundation; and "Trade and Industrialization and the Environment in the Asia-Pacific 
Region," funded by the Institute of Advanced Studies, United Nations University. 

Japan's Ministry of Foreign Affairs also has a website. The site provides links to and 
search capability on such topics as the UN, relations with Asian-Pacific countries, and visits and 
conferences. 

Chosen Shimpo Homupegi (Chosun News Homepage) is a Chosen Soren-sponsored web 
site in both Korean and Japanese interface. The address is: www.korea-np.co.jp. 

Grey literature from Japan is a potential profitable source of information—now and in the 
future—for material on North Korea. The Japan Documentation Center (JDC) of the Library of 
Congress disseminates current source materials from Japan on a wide range of Japanese public 
policy issues, including economics, politics, social conditions, and the environment. The 
documents in the JDC collection include nonpublished materials issued by government agencies, 
professional and trade organizations, educational institutions, and think-tanks as well as policy 
studies and white papers from government and private sources, conference proceedings, and draft 
legislation. 

Aside from document collection and delivery, the JDC has a journal and reference 
collection. The JDC also is able to request the Tokyo Acquisitions Facility—its collection arm—to 
conduct further research on a given topic. As of October 1997, there were more than 1,700 
documents in the collection. Each entry is scanned, full-text in Japanese, onto optical disk. A 
bibliographic record has data in Japanese and English and an English-language summary. A 


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searchable bibliographic database is posted on the Internet (http://lcweb.loc.gov/rr/jdc). As ninety 
percent of the materials are in Japanese—the remainder are in English—translation resources and, 
therefore, the value of the materials remain problematic. 

China 

China is another means through which to access open source information on North Korea. 
Chinese scholars and think tanks publish a variety of materials, hold (and attend) domestic and 
international conferences, and host symposia and seminars. 35 Chinese-language periodicals 
publishing articles on the Korean Peninsula include Beijing Review (in English), Strategy and 
Management (in Chinese and English), and Yanbian University Journal (in Chinese). 

Chinese libraries are increasingly online and searchable. For example, the Beijing 
University (Peking University) Library OP AC System—with both English- and Chinese-language 
interface—is searchable by language, title, and subject. 36 The Beijing University of Posts and 
Telegraphs Library catalog, Chinese Academy of Sciences Documentation and Information Center 
OP AC, National Library of China (Chinese and English), and Qinghua University Library 
(Chinese and English) are but a few online Chinese libraries that are potential information sources. 
JiDa has an Institute of Northeast Asian Studies, the umbrella for five institutes: Institute of 
Japanese Studies, Institute of Russian Studies, Institute of North and South Korean Studies, 
Research Institute of International Development of the Tumen River, and Institute of 
Comprehensive Northeast Asian Studies. 37 

The China Institute for International Strategic Studies, a nongovernmental academic 
organization, conducts research on political, security and defense issues, foreign relations, and 
regional studies, particularly the Asia-Pacific region. Its quarterly journal, International Strategic 
Studies , is published in both Chinese and English. 

The China Institute of Contemporary International Relations has a library of 
approximately 250,000 books and 1,000 periodicals. The institute publishes Contemporary 
International Relations monthly in Chinese and English. 

In the 1990s, research directed by the Shanghai Institute for International Studies focused 
on issues such as the international environment of building socialism with Chinese characteristics; 


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Asia-Pacific economic cooperation and China's foreign economic relations; and political, social, 
and economic development processes in unified Germany. The institute publishes World Outlook 
(in Chinese; bimonthly), SIIS Journal (in English), and International Review (in Chinese, 
quarterly). The library has approximately 50,000 books and 550 periodicals, including 
newspapers. 

Jilin Province in northeast China is adjacent to the North Korean border. Approximately 
800,000 ethnic Koreans live in the province's Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture, the largest 
concentration of Koreans in one administrative region outside the Korean Peninsula. Several 
Korean-language publications are published in Yanbian. 

There are 172 independent scientific research institutions in Jilin. These institutions 
research such areas as optics, solid state physics, and biological engineering. 38 The Yanbian 
Institute of Science and Technology has provided science and technology training to North 
Koreans. The head of the institute is said to have close ties with North Korea; there have been 
reports that a similar institution will be opened in the Najin-Sonbong Free Economic and Trade 
Zone. If such an institution were established, the implications for open source information would 
be much the same as if there were increased academic exchanges with North Korea—it would 
facilitate an opening in the information environment. 

The Library of Congress has an exchange partner in Jilin that specializes in Chinese and 
Korean language publications. The partner has been contacted vis-a-vis the availability of open 
source information, in particular, specialized data that may be of great interest to the U.S. 
government. As of late 1997, the exchange partner had not yet responded to the Library's request 
for information on available materials [in Korean] from or about North Korea. Hence, evaluation 
of potential information from these titles cannot yet be made. 

Russia 

Russian information channels on North Korea include academic journals and think tank 
publications. Various newspapers and correspondents also provide insights and information on 
the Korean Peninsula. 

The Russian Academy of Sciences Institute for Oriental Studies, located in Moscow, is 


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one such think tank. Scholars associated with the institute have written a variety of books and 
articles on the DPRK. Two 1993 publications are Natal'ya Yevgenyevna Bazhanova's Foreign 
Economic Ties of the Korean Peoples' Democratic Republic: In Search of an Exit from a Dead 
End , published by the institute; and Svetlana Georgiyevna Nam’s "The History of the Korean 
Community in the Far East," published in Problems of the Far East, a journal of the Far East 
Institute, Academy of Sciences, Moscow. 

Russian analysts from another think tank, the Institute for Contemporary International 
Problems, located at the Diplomatic Academy in Moscow, have undertaken the writing of "DRPK 
Report" as part of a joint project between that center and the Center for Nonproliferation Studies, 
Institute for International Studies in Monterey, California. Yevgeniy Bazhanov, director of that 
Moscow institute, wrote "A Russian Perspective on A Post-Armistice Order in Korea," an 
analysis of Korean affairs from a Russian perspective. The report was posted on the Northeast 
Asian Peace and Security Network (NAPSNet). Bazhanov's report also cited other Russian 
sources, including his own book, Russia's Changing Foreign Policy , published in 1996 by BIOST 
of Cologne, Germany, and R. Ivanov's "Koreyskiy factor" (The Korean Factor), published in 
Patri, August 10, 1996. 

The All-Russia State Library for Foreign Literature (Bibliotek Inostrannoi Literatury) in 
Moscow is another source of information on the Korean Peninsula. The library has an Exchange 
Division. 

Other 

Sources of information on the Korean Peninsula can be found outside of the countries 
previously detailed. For example, the Korean Section of the British Library Oriental and India 
Office Collections "holds a small but active collection of over 10,000 monographs, 40 
manuscripts, and over 200 current serials from South and North Korea [and]. .. there is an 
extensive collection of microfilmed newspapers from North and South Korea." 39 The Korean 
section's primary responsibility is to acquire material in Korean; however, there are also materials 
in Western languages. The extent of the Library’s collection of post-1955 North Korean 
publications is "fairly good," as the Library has had exchange agreements with various North 


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Korean institutions since about 1955. 40 The value of these sources has not been evaluated 
although the collection may have materials not otherwise available. 

The International Institute for Asian Studies in Leiden, The Netherlands, has a Centre of 
Japanese and Korean Studies. The center's Association for Korean Studies in Europe organizes 
academic conferences on Korea, cooperates with other academic organizations, and publishes the 
annual AKSE Newsletter. The most recent conference was held in April 1997 in Stockholm. The 
newsletter details reports of studies related to Korea, activities of individual scholars, and relevant 
publications. The newsletter has items in English, French, and German; Korean is an official 
conference language. The AKSE homepage is: http://www.dur.ac.uk/~dmuorcp/aksepage.htm. 
Attempts to access the homepage were unsuccessful, however. 

The Nautilus Institute in Berkeley, California, is a policy-oriented research and consulting 
organization funded by the Rockefeller Foundation. The Northeast Asia Peace and Security 
Network (NAPSNet), the institute's transnational information network, has a daily online report 
which covers events on the Korean Peninsula, particularly nuclear nonproliferation in Northeast 
Asia and an archive (http://www.nautilus.org/napsnet). NAPSnet provides reportage from the 
United States, South Korea, Japan, China, and Russia. NAPSNet is partnered with Tokyo's 
Center for Global Communications (GLOCOM), Seoul's Yonsei University, and the Monterey 
Institute Center for Nonproliferation Studies. Nautilus also sponsors online policy forums and 
posts papers as collaborative efforts by other institutions. 

Specialized Data 

The North Korean government does not publish official statistics for distribution either to 
its citizens or to the international community. Until 1963, however, the Central Statistics Bureau 
of the State Planning Commission published a statistical yearbook. This data was translated by 
the United States Joint Publication Research Service (JPRS) and distributed in the United States 
by the Department of Commerce’s Office of Technical Services. 41 

Occasionally, however, Pyongyang releases official statistics to foreigners and 
international organizations. For example, the UN Population Fund (UNFPA) published a 500- 
page study based on statistics provided to a UNFPA mission in March 1989. The North Koreans 


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apparently sought UNFPA's objective evaluation of how the Central Statistics Bureau and other 
government ministries could improve their collection and analysis of demographic statistics. 42 In 
May 1990, Nicholas Eberstadt, a United States' demographer then associated with the Center for 
International Research of the Bureau of the Census, visited P'yongyang and met with several 
government officials. Eberstadt was given statistical information produced by the Central 
Statistics Bureau; officials appeared interested in Eberstadt's intention to publish a book about 
North Korea. 43 

Specialized data gleaned from individuals and professional publications of geographers, 
demographers, economists, and international lawyers, and so on, will be helpful in projecting 
defense needs. This material, however, will continue to be difficult to collect, even through 2010. 
Therefore, it will remain necessary to search for materials in a variety of formats from a variety of 
sources—newspaper reports, online databases, personnel in NGO offices, and so on. 

Mass Communication Networks 

Prospects for Improvements in Infrastructure and Technology 

Infrastructure remains a basic problem both in North Korea in general and in the highly 
touted Najin-Sonbong zone. Significant improvements in infrastructure or technology are not 
foreseen in the near future. By 2010, however, the investment climate may change leading to an 
increased technological capability (see Scenarios for Open Source Information; Technological 
Change). 

Domestic: National Technological Capacity 

Telephone 

In 1955, North Korea joined the 30-member Socialist Nations' Communications 
Cooperation Organization. As a result of that membership, cable lines were established to 
communicate with Beijing, and wireless communications were established for communications 
with Vladivostok and Tokyo. Thereafter, there was little progress in communications until a 
period of telephone and telegraph construction began in the 1970s. In the 1980s, approximately 2 
million telephone lines were installed. Telephones are available to the public in government 


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offices, hotels, and department stores in the larger cities, and in post offices in the smaller cities. 
Public telephones have been observed. Approximately 10 percent of the telephone capacity is for 
government use only. All communications activities, including post offices, telephone systems, 
and telegraph systems, are under the control of the Ministry of Communications. 

In 1992, the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) financed the construction 
of an optical cable manufacturing plant, and in 1995, optical cables were laid between Hamhung 
and Pyongyang. In 1995, AT&T began long-distance service between the U.S. and the DPRK. 44 
The country code for North Korea is ”850"; the city code for Pyongyang is "2." 

There are no direct telephone or fax lines between the two Koreas. Communications 
between the two countries is via a third party or a third country. In mid-1997, the two Koreas 
agreed to install several telephone lines to serve the communications needs of nuclear power 
stations in North Korea. Korea Telecom installed eight phone lines—four business, four 
private—linking the two Koreas in August 1997. This installation connects the Korean Peninsula 
Energy Development Organization (KEDO) site at Sinp’o with Pyongyang, which connects to 
Japan via Intelsat, and from Japan by submarine cable to Pusan and Kohung, and thence to Seoul. 
(Third-party connections complicate matters in the Najin-Sonbong zone where partnerships may 
involve the two countries.) 

Computer Networks 

North Korea is technologically isolated from the information superhighway because of its 
deficient telephone system. (Telephone connections create the links between independent 
computer networks that comprise the Internet, see The Internet.) Little is known about the 
number and quality of computer networks in the DPRK. It is likely, however, that the networks 
are relatively small and are dedicated government or military systems. 

Foreign: International and Regional Connections 

North Korea is a member of the International Organization of Space Communications 
(Intersputnik), which is based in Moscow. Founded in 1971, Intersputnik provides member 
countries with interocean, regional, and domestic communications and offers international 


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telephony, facsimile, telex, television and audio broadcasting, and data exchange in public and 
dedicated networks. The satellite control for North Korea is based in Vladimir (Indian Ocean 
region); the satellite that serves North Korea is the Statsionar 13. 45 

Human Communications Networks 

Defectors 

Defectors are obviously not a random sampling of North Koreans. One distinction is that 
their former jobs or connections may have enabled—or facilitated—their escape. 46 Some defectors 
held positions that gave them special access to information that provided them with an 
understanding of North Korean society and/or a reputation among previous interviewers for 
speaking their minds. 

The South Korean government estimates that from 1949 through 1995, approximately 
2,200 North Koreans fled their country. Of this number, 640 settled in South Korea over that 
period, with 216 settling in South Korea between 1990 and 1996. 47 Most defectors live in areas 
of Northeast China populated by Koreans. Because Beijing and P'yongyang have an agreement 
that mandates the return of defectors to North Korea, defectors in China stay in hiding; 
consequently, it is difficult to estimate their exact number. For the same reason, the number of 
defectors living in Eastern Russia is difficult to estimate. 

Even the highest ranking defectors, with the possible exception of Hwang Chang-yop, an 
elite ideologue who defected—apparently because he believed he would have no role in the new 
Kim Chong-il regime—know little about decisionmaking at the highest levels. Given the 
compartmentalized nature of North Korean society, in which horizontal connections between 
people are discouraged, most defectors know only about their own lifestyle; what "national 
security" information they provide is likely hearsay. 

The information defectors do provide is restricted not only by their access while in North 
Korea, but by their post-defection circumstances. Although some critics of the South Korean 
government and of the Agency for National Security Planning (ANSP) charge that defectors are 
virtually brainwashed into making exaggerated statements about North Korea, it is also possible 
that some defectors are reluctant to criticize North Korea for fear of what will happen to their 


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family members who remain in the country. Many defectors also maintain a degree of loyalty or 
emotional attachment to North Korean society, especially after undergoing the trials of adjustment 
in fast-moving, capitalistic South Korea. Thus, skillful interviewing is necessary to derive valid 
information from these defectors. Yet, for all the difficulties with this potential source of 
information, defectors are the only source of information about the actual workings of North 
Korean society. As economic conditions worsen, an increased flow of defectors can be 
anticipated. About half of the defectors resident in South Korea are willing to give interviews, 
under the appropriate circumstances (which includes modest monetary compensation) (see 
Appendix). 

It is difficult to filter out the credible information provided by defectors because such 
information is controlled by the South Korean intelligence services and it is not known to what 
degree the ANSP censors information that defectors provide in press conferences and in private 
interviews. This same control also applies—although the range is greater—to South Korean 
information on North Korea in print and other formats. 

A number of defectors have written books about North Korea. Every large bookstore in 
Seoul has a Pukhan cona (North Korea comer) displaying books written by, or in collaboration 
with, defectors. As of 1997, there were approximately 25 such books. Like the results of 
interviews, the content of these books must be interpreted cautiously. Most of the books are 
written as a money-making endeavor, and for marketing purposes they seem to emphasize, if not 
invent, sensational stories about North Korea. Defector accounts that are particularly well 
written, or written by particularly knowledgeable people, include: 

• Wonderland (in English) by Koh Young-hwan (1994), a diplomat who defected in 
1991; 

• Ije yoja ka toego sipoyo (I Just Want to Be a Woman), by Kim Hyon-hi (1994), 
the terrorist who was captured after bombing a Korean Air Lines plane; 

• Chindallae Kkotp'ilttae kkaji (Till Azaleas Bloom) by Shin Yong-hi (1996), a 
dancer who worked at one of Kim Il-sung’s palaces; 

• Choguggun Chohanul Chomolli (My Fatherland Is Far Away Beyond the Sky) by 
Choi Un-Hi and Shin Sang-Ok, a South Korean actress and director who were 


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kidnapped separately and taken to North Korea. Their two-volume memoir in 
Korean was published in the United States in 1988 by Pacific Artist Corporation of 
Pacific Palisades, California. 

Among the books notable for their interesting content or good writing style are: 

• Mori rul ppanun namja (The Man Who Washes His Hair) by Kim Yong (1992); 

• Suryongnim hedo nomu hamnida (Oh, Great Leader, This Is Just Too Much!) by 
Kim Yong Song (1995), and 

• Pyongyang nolsae/Seoul orenji (Pyongyang Birds/Seoul Oranges) by Chon Choi 
Woo (1994). 

Nongovernmental Organizations and International and Regional Organizations Personnel 

As a consequence of the current economic situation and the resulting famine that began in 
1996, there has been increased travel to North Korea of personnel from various nongovernmental 
organizations (NGOs) and international relief organizations. Ultimately, these offices and 
personnel may provide useful observations and new sources of information. As information 
providers, however, these persons are untrained collectors; further, it is unlikely that they have 
access to the most desirable information vis-a-vis U.S. government policymakers. Nonetheless, as 
on-the-ground observers, they can provide information with useful application, such as any 
developments in telephone connectivity and which hotels have cable television. Representatives 
of foreign food donor organizations also have sometimes been afforded opportunities to tour 
remote areas usually off limits to other foreign visitors. The NGOs with the best access have been 
the International Red Cross, the World Food Program (WFP), and the Eugene Bell Memorial 
Foundation. 

Several UN food and health organizations have been able to establish small resident offices 
in Pyongyang because of the food crisis. In 1997, the UNDP, the WFP, the UN Educational, 
Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), UNICEF, and several other NGOs were among 
these organizations; their personnel are subject to various restrictions, however. UN resident 
officials are endeavoring to increase contacts with host agencies involved in a multitude of tasks 
associated with providing food and other necessities. 48 In July 1997, the UN announced that the 


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DPRK would allow "unlimited access" to UN personnel for aid purposes. As of November 1997, 
the WFP had 22 international staff in North Korea; personnel are expected to number 29 by the 
end of the year. These increases include additional monitoring staff, a food aid liaison officer, and 
a vehicle fleet manager. 49 

Information is shared among the UN organizations working in North Korea. (The UNDP 
has also expressed its willingness to share its databank with relief organizations and the U.S. 
government. The UNDP website is: http://www.undp.org/undp/comm/.) Most of the working 
documents on social conditions in North Korea produced by these organizations are not 
published, however. And, in deference to North Korean sensitivities, the UN has withheld some 
statistical information collected on the country. Although the DPRK is not yet a member of the 
Asian Development Bank (ADB), the same sensitivities may apply. As it did when it applied for 
UN membership, North Korea would have to release information to the ADB in order to join. 

Other 

The remaining human communications sources, for example, tourists, academics, business 
travelers, and U.S. government delegations, as well as North Korean government officials 
traveling abroad, are likely to be lesser information sources. Of the former groups, information 
will vary in terms of usefulness; the most relevant will likely be provided by academics, business 
travelers, and U.S. government delegations. As a result of this increased traffic, there have been 
incremental increases in information flow. 

Tourism should not be neglected as a source of information going into and out of the 
country. During the 1990s, North Korea began to seek some degree of tourism, most notably 
from Thailand and the Korean-American community. In 1995, the South Korean government 
estimated that between 25,000 to 30,000 people traveled to North Korea annually as tourists, 
mostly Koreans residing in Japan who visited family members in the DPRK. 50 

P'yongyang has had mixed feelings about tourism. On the one hand, it is a good source of 
badly needed foreign exchange. On the other hand, tourism opens the society to outsiders. The 
secret tape recordings made of Kim Chong-il in 1984 clearly express this ambivalence: 

I recently met Hu Yaobang when he visited our country. He asked why our 


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country does not want opening up, does not develop tourism, saying tourism is 
quite profitable. As I understand it, our country will develop tourism. We did not 
do the business not because we did not have any intention; of course, it is true that 
we did not want it. However, we decided to do it. .. . By the way, the South 
Korean scoundrels also develop tourism. . .. However, we have a short coastal 
borderline. Furthermore, the entire coastline is dotted with military fortresses. If 
we open up, we would be understood to start tourist business. In this case, the 
opening up is no different from the withdrawal of a country's troops, is it not? We 
have been struck strategically. ... If we open Pyongyang, it will eventually be the 
same as pulling out troops from the borderline to Pyongyang. . . it would be 
naturally tantamount to disarmament.... Do we have to do this for a meal? 51 

Except for Koreans from Japan, who are permitted to visit their families in their 
hometowns, tourists are restricted to a few special sites and are always accompanied by tom- 
guides supervised or working for the security police. North Korea has proposed developing 
tourist areas in the Najin-Sonbong zone and at scenic Kumgangsan (Diamond Mountain); both 
locations are in remote parts of the country. On the occasion of special festivals, North Korea has 
accepted thousands of visitors to Pyongyang; these visitors are carefully chaperoned. The 
development of golf resorts also has been mentioned. South Koreans are eager to visit North 
Korea, but are prevented by both Seoul and Pyongyang from doing so. Travel between the two 
Koreas is negligible. 

Businesses and Business Travelers 

Visits from foreign business travelers have increased somewhat as the DPRK has begun a 
gradual economic opening in search of foreign investment. More travelers mean more 
information. A small Western business community lives in the Koryo Hotel in Pyongyang, and a 
new hotel has been built in the Najin-Sonbong zone to attract investors there. A few South 
Korean businessmen have traveled to North Korea to oversee joint ventures in various locations 
outside of P'yongyang and in the Najin-Sonbong zone. In addition, a growing number of Western 
and South Korean technicians are working in the zone's isolated Kumho area in South Hamkyong 
Province to construct the nuclear reactors as stipulated in the 1994 Agreed Framework. Mail 
service for South Korean officials working in the Kumho area was initiated in July 1997; 
telephone service began in August 1997. (The former service is through China, the latter is 


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through Japan.) 

In all cases, visitors are carefully watched and cannot travel without permission. The only 
group of business travelers who have some freedom to move about are the Korean-Chinese 
businessmen who trade across the China-North Korea border. Some of these Korean-Chinese 
business travelers are willing to report on what they have witnessed in North Korea. A few have 
been interviewed in Korean-language general interest magazines such as Wolgan choson and 
Sindong-a. In order to contact these traders, it is necessary to travel to the Yanji and Yanbian 
border regions of China. By the mid-1990s, these travelers numbered in the thousands; they 
constitute a potentially valuable source of information about North Korea. 

NGOs and international and regional organizations have already begun to establish a 
presence in North Korea; a modest economic opening will also allow various business enterprises 
to initiate operations. This situation raises the potential for more communication and thus new 
sources of information. For example, partnered with the Korean Foreign Transportation 
Corporation, DHL, the international freight carrier, commenced operations on August 8, 1997, 
opening an office in Pyongyang and sub-branches in Hamhung and the Najin-Sonbong zone. 

DHL is forbidden from shipping "WPX," that is dutiable, materials to North Korea. All shipments 
go through Beijing and are subject to a 24-hour customs embargo upon arrival, during which time 
they are reviewed. Shipments from or to South Korea must be approved in advance by North 
Korea; permission is granted only in exceptional circumstances, such as items destined for the 
Korea Energy Development Organization. [DHL assisted in the shipment of 11.8 tons of 
emergency medical supplies from the United Nations and World Vision in August.] 

Academics and Government and Official Delegations 

It is difficult to receive an official invitation to visit North Korea. The travel of academics 
to North Korea—and that of North Korean academics abroad—remains restricted. Nonetheless, a 
small number of American academics have received such invitations over the years; their visits, 
however, did not involve research but essentially sightseeing and meeting with their North Korean 
counterparts (who are essentially government employees). Academics who receive invitations 
tend to be known in North Korea as sympathetic, or at least not hostile, to North Korean 


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positions. Academics also receive invitations because of their prominence and their reputations 
for being "diplomatic" in their pronouncements. In 1981, six Korean-American political scientists 
visited the country; no such high-powered academic delegations have since traveled to North 
Korea. 

A small but steady stream of American politicians and government officials have traveled 
to North Korea, especially since the signing of the Framework Agreement in 1994. Delegations 
have included James Lilley (a former U.S. ambassador to both China and the South Korea), 
former Congressman Stephen Solarz, U.S. Representative Tony Hall, and Bill Richardson (U.S. 
ambassador to the United Nations). Former U.S. ambassador to South Korea James Laney and 
former Senator Sam Nunn traveled to North Korea in July 1997 as private individuals. The 
highest ranking visitor was former President Jimmy Carter, traveling as a private citizen in 1994; 
Carter is rumored to be planning a future trip to meet Kim Chong-il. 

Koreans Living Overseas 

Koreans living overseas, of which there are more than 5 million, primarily in the United 
States, China, and Japan, are another human communications network that may provide useful 
open source information. Most of the approximately 1.6 million Koreans living in the United 
States (1990 census) have green cards and are citizens of South Korea or naturalized citizens. 

Most Koreans in Russia (some 450,000) and China are citizens of their host nations. There are 
more than 2.5 million Koreans resident in China: some 1.1 million in Jilin Province, 800,000 in 
Yanbian prefecture, 440,000 in Heilongjiang Province, and 200,000 in Liaoning Province. 

Japan has the third largest community of overseas Koreans, with 14 percent, or about 
700,000 ethnic Koreans; most are resident aliens. More Koreans are becoming Japanese citizens, 
and fewer Koreans are professing loyalty to North Korea. In 1994, Japanese authorities estimated 
that 247,000 Koreans were pro-North Korea, 360,000 Koreans were pro-South Korea, and the 
remainder were unaffiliated. Of the first group, a Naewoe source claims actual membership in 
Chongnyon was reduced by the end of 1994 to 150,000; approximately 56,000 are thought to be 
active. 52 Chosen Soren organizations include schools and commercial ventures—the latter include 
media enterprises, financial institutions such as credit unions, and the Kumgansan Opera 


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Company. It has been suggested that more information on North Korea may be disclosed to 
Japanese travellers than to South Korean travellers. 

The Korean-American community is difficult to categorize because it consists of many 
organizations and factions. The divisions are based on ideology. There are anti-communists, 
mostly consisting of on former Korean War veterans, and North Korean sympathizers, mostly led 
by younger generation Korean-Americans or former dissidents opposed to South Korea’s previous 
military government. 

Various Korean-American organizations are involved in providing food and medical 
assistance to North Korea. The Korean American Sharing Movement (KASM), with offices in 
Washington, D.C., San Francisco, Seattle, Chicago, Detroit, Dallas, Houston, Atlanta, New York, 
Boston, and Honolulu, is one such organization. 53 Korean-American churches throughout the 
United States also are soliciting cash and food contributions from their members for the relief 
effort. (Mr. Eunho Choe of the Korean American Chamber of Commerce of Washington, D.C., 
said he would send to the Federal Research Division a list of Korean churches that could be 
contacted about their involvement in relief efforts; this list has not yet been received.) Overseas 
Korean communities can be a valuable conduit for increased contacts with North Koreans and are 
useful in promoting reconciliation and reunification (see also China; Japan). 54 

The various overseas Korean communities have their own media. Their publications often 
contain information and reports not found in other sources. Koreans in the United States receive 
major Korean-language dailies originating in Seoul, but printed in the United States with the 
addition of a U.S. domestic section. Newspapers and magazines targeting these audiences 
include: Han'guk ilbo (Korea Daily); Tong-a ilbo (East Asia Daily); Chungang ilbo (Central 
Daily). Other publications are Sinhan minbo (New Korea People's Daily); Miju munhak 
(Literature in the US); K'urisuch 'an munye (Christian Literature), and Munhak segye (Literary 
World); these periodicals occasionally carry information and articles on North Korean. Amerasia 
Journal is an English-language publication covering a broad range of topics of interest to Asian- 
Americans. Korea Report , from Washington, D.C., is an English-language quarterly containing 
analysis and commentary on Korean affairs as well as op-eds on North Korea or the North-South 
relationship. 


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North Koreans Traveling Abroad 

Official North Korean delegations occasionally travel to the United States for meetings. 
These delegations, which are either on official government business or engaged in trade, are 
difficult to contact, however. Academic and NGO representatives are easier to contact, but 
generally have little of interest to say because they are accompanied by members of the DPRK's 
security services and speak only the party line. In 1995, two members of the DPRK's UN 
delegation visited the Graduate School of International Relations and Pacific Studies of the 
University of California at San Diego. In 1996, the George Washington University's Gaston Sigur 
Center hosted a six-member DPRK delegation headed by North Korea's leading solicitor of 
foreign investment, Kim Jong-U. The best chance to obtain information from these visitors is for 
Korean-American delegates to the conferences to talk with the North Korean delegates semi- 
surreptitiously. 

POLITICAL CHANGE: LEADERSHIP AND POLICY SHIFTS 

The possibility that Kim Chong-il is at heart a reformer biding his time in the face of 
conservative forces has been raised. If this is true, then the opportunity for more than a modest 
opening of information collection exists. 

Power Holders and Priorities: 1994-97 

In the three years since Kim Il-sung's death on July 8, 1994, Kim Chong-il has made few 
significant changes either in North Korea's political personnel at the highest levels or in its 
political priorities. Except for the death of some high-ranking first generation leaders, the same 
people still oversee North Korea; the generals seem to be increasing their political power, or at 
least their position, under Kim Chong-il. Ideology has remained centered on socialism and 
chuch'e, with two new themes: the Red Banner (Flag) Movement and the Arduous March. 

Implications of Political Change: The Next Generation of Leaders 

The extent of Kim Chong-il's hold on power is difficult to determine. Kim's continued 
grip on power in the face of widespread disaster can be attributed both to the fact that a quarter 


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century campaign by Kim Il-sung left his son as the only candidate in sight and to the fact that the 
military (which is the only alternative power center) may be calculating that it is better off 
enhancing its power within a Kim Chong-il regime than putting one of its generals forward to take 
responsibility for the crumbling economy. As long as the military is content, Kim is likely to 
remain in power. The high-level defector Hwang Chang-yop, bitter because his influence in the 
Kim regime has been fading, believes the military is gaining control of the country. 

Projecting the future of North Korean politics on the basis of present trends suggests that 
it will be dominated to an even greater extent by the military, an organization that has traditionally 
been conservative, nationalistic, and parochial. Although it must be clear to the generals that 
North Korea's economic problems are sapping military strength, as long as their positions of 
privilege within North Korea are not threatened, they may be willing to support the status quo. If 
military discipline seriously erodes, the generals may decide it is time to act, either by instituting 
serious economic reforms or launching an attack on South Korea. The military leadership is not 
likely to be predisposed to a more open information environment. 

As for Kim Chong-il's predilections, many analysts believe that despite his conservative 
rhetoric in recent years, he is well aware of the root of North Korea's economic problems, he has 
little patience with failure, and he favors change. If Kim brings more technocrats into his 
administration, North Korea's conservative generals and change-oriented economists will likely 
clash. Although it is difficult to project the outcome of such a conflict, it should be noted that 
despite the presence of both types of individuals in North Korea, significant economic reforms 
have yet to be implemented. Should economic reforms occur, the opportunity for greater open 
source information will emerge. 

Most new rulers take power with a new set of supporters. Projecting the future of North 
Korean politics in the fall of 1997, just after Kim Chong-il has formally assumed the reins of 
power, is particularly risky, however. Kim's forbearance in reshuffling the North Korean power 
structure can be ascribed to North Korean conservatism, his own filial piety, his relative 
powerlessness, or his choice of timing. If the latter is the case, a new lineup may be imminent. 

The following (alphabetical) list of the next generation of leaders is based in part on 
information from South Korean scholar Chong San-Yong. 55 There is insufficient information, 


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however, to apply projections on their influence over the future information environment. 

• Cho Myong-nok : is expected to become minister of national defense or take a 
similarly high-ranking position in the military administration; 

• Choe Tae-bok secretary for education, is in charge of educating the youth, on 
whom Kim Chong-il has pinned his hopes for the future of the DPRK; 

• Chon Byong-ho : secretary for military procurement and supply, believed to be 
Kim's speech writer, is the only non-military member of the National Defense 
Commission, headed by Kim Chong-il; 

• Han Song-ryong : secretary in charge of industry; a man with foreign training is 
rumored as Kim's choice for premier; 

• Kim Sok-chu : currently the first vice minister of foreign affairs, a skillful 
negotiator during the nuclear crisis of 1994; he is a candidate for minister of 
foreign affairs; 

• Kim Tal-hyun : formerly a powerful figure in economic affairs and North-South 
cooperation; he is considered a reformer, sidelined presumably because he got too 
close to the South Koreans, rumored in bad health; 

• Kim Yong-sun : chairman of the Asia-Pacific Committee since 1994, he is in charge 
of promoting relations with Japan and the United States, considered a progressive 
thinker; rumored in bad health; and 

• Kye Ung-tae : head of the Law Committee of the Supreme People's Assembly, he 
is considered a loyal and incorruptible associate of Kim Chong-il. 

National Priorities 

Because the DPRK is governed by a small group of KWP elite, who prefer to keep their 
own counsel, real priorities are often not publicly stated. Obviously, the DPRK elite wish to have 
both military strength and economic success, but it appears that those two goals are incompatible. 
Consequently, future priorities are unclear. 

It must be assumed, however, that the priorities of North Korea as a nation are identical to 
the priorities of its leaders, who set these priorities with their own well-being in mind. As such, 


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the welfare of the ruling elite is the first priority. The principal implication of this fact is that since 
the legitimacy of Kim Chong-il and his "court" is largely based on fabrications of history and 
distortion of North Korea's reputation in the international community, the elite cannot afford to 
permit the masses to come in contact with foreigners. Realizing that some contact is probable 
(for example, with business and aid donors), the government's indoctrination campaign aims to 
instill the people with a deep suspicion of the foreign community. This campaign is consistent 
with the official view that the world is controlled by imperialists who seek to undermine North 
Korea's political and economic system and enslave the North Korean people. To the extent that 
the people believe this propaganda, they are likely to be wary of providing information to 
foreigners or believing the information that foreigners provide them, even if communication 
channels to the outside world become more open. 

Economic Change Drivers 

Real economic change—that is, improvement through modernization—will occur if the 
leadership opts for substantive reform measures. The North Korean leadership has frequently 
pointed out that opening and reform do not necessarily compromise chuch'e , and they are 
supportive of foreign investment and the acquisition of foreign technology. What is threatened by 
reform and opening, however, is the official position that North Korea's brand of socialism is the 
best economic model and that modification is not needed. If the economic system is changed 
and/or opening leads to over-dependence on foreign trade and the neglect of indigenous 
industry—counter to chuch 'e —then the ideological legitimization of the Kims is challenged. 

The open flow of information also tests chuch 'e. Hence North Korea keeps images of 
South Korea away from the population by restricting the media. Because the open flow of 
information is an ideological challenge that threatens the basis of North Korean society, some 
analysts have said that economic reform aside from nominal measures is unlikely without some 
rapprochement with South Korea. 56 

In 1997, Kim Chong-il continues to pursue a limited open door policy, touting the 
country's disciplined and skilled workforce as an incentive for investment. Two small measures of 
economic opening were effected in May-June 1997; they may eventually lead to more open source 


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collection. First, currency conversion—the direct exchange for U.S. dollars—will be allowed in 
the Najin-Sonbong zone. This policy is aimed at encouraging foreign investment. Second, a free 
market will be established in Wonjong-ri near the North Korea-China border. 

In June 1997, North Korea reportedly asked a Korean-American businessman to invite 
South Korean economic scholars and administrators responsible for that country's economic 
development in the 1960s and 1970s to visit North Korea. This invitation may parlay the South 
Korean example into positive, forward steps for the North Korean society and economy, 
ultimately opening the information environment, even if only modestly at the outset. 

The reunification of Germany, with its implications for the Korean Peninsula, has 
stimulated interest in the various economic sectors of the two Koreas. Monographs and articles 
on such topics have proliferated, particularly about industry and infrastructure. In 1989, South 
Korean President Roh Tae Woo established a Presidential Commission on Korea in the 21st 
Century. Some of South Korea's leading academicians participated in the six year-project. The 
result was the 1995 publication of Korea in the 21st Century , an encyclopedic 1,300-page work 
that discusses the effect of reunification under the various possible scenarios. The complete 
edition is available only in Korean; however, an English-language summary of the book is 
available at the Library of Congress. 

Certainly reunification would drive economic change and ease the funding problems faced 
by P'yongyang. One of the challenges to reunification, however, would be the tremendous cost; 
estimates range from U.S.$40 billion to as high as U.S.$2 trillion. 57 However, in the long term, 
over the course of 10 to 25 years, combining North Korea's natural resources and manpower with 
South Korea's economic and technological forces would allow a strong economy to emerge. 

Technological Change Drivers 

The case of the two Koreas vis-a-vis technological change is a study in contrasts. North 
Korea, operating a closed media system, has shut out external information and enjoys an 
information monopoly that perpetuates its own interests. For a time, North Korea was able to 
rely on other ideologically compatible societies for assistance in its technological development. 
During the Cold War, the socialist bloc, especially the former Soviet Union, routinely engaged in 


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wholesale military and industrial espionage and smuggling in order to avoid falling too far behind 
in technological development. With the end of the Cold War, the formation of the 
Commonwealth of Independent States, and China's opening to the West and its liberalized 
economic policies, this reliant situation has changed and North Korea no longer receives 
technological aid from its ideological allies. 

Pyongyang's resistance to Western communications technology is based on its internal 
security needs. Because technology can vastly impact—and liberalize—the information 
environment, progress in international communications is problematic for closed information 
societies that depend upon control of the media for their continued existence. When North Korea 
does allow greater accessibility to the Internet, information flow will be multidirectional. Once 
North Koreans acquire a greater Internet capability, they will access information very quickly. In 
a more open environment, electronic publications are likely to overtake the development of print 
publications. 

In South Korea, on the other hand, the media operates in a more open—albeit 
controlled—environment. After the Korean War, the dynamic and innovative electronics and 
communications technology pioneered by the West was absorbed and transformed within the 
capitalistic framework of supply and demand. (North Korea was capable of making the same 
advances but unwilling to do so.) 

SCENARIOS FOR OPEN SOURCE INFORMATION (1997-2010): RESTRICTIONS OR 
LIBERALIZATION? 

Overview of the Scenarios: Change Drivers and Projections 

Guessing what will become of the DPRK is a popular game among Korea scholars. 
Widespread speculation about North Korea's future, especially estimates of the timing of its 
demise, is, at the very least, disconcerting to the North Korean elite. The different scenarios carry 
markedly different implications for information flows in the DPRK. Which scenario plays itself 
out depends on a variety of factors internal and external to North Korea. 

Most predictions of the DPRK's future fall into one of the three scenarios proposed by 
Nicholas Eberstadt: reform, "muddling through," or collapse. 58 Since muddling through—a term 


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Eberstadt borrows from Charles Lindblom (1959)—is what North Korea has been doing since the 
1980s, this scenario could also be called status quo, although the latter term is also used to 
describe a scenario in which North Korea refuses to engage even in muddling-through activities. 
As North Korea's economic situation has further deteriorated in the 1990s, the collapse scenario 
has received more attention, especially in the form of two sub-scenarios: explosion (attacking 
South Korea) and implosion (societal collapse). The related terms, "soft landing" (denoting 
gradual reform) and "hard landing" or "crash landing" (denoting collapse), are also frequently 
heard. 

Reform Scenario 

In the reform scenario, the government initiates changes similar to those made in the 
former Soviet Union and Eastern Europe, primarily the adoption of political pluralism, capitalism, 
and internal and external openness. A projection of the media-flow implications for a reform 
scenario might benefit from an examination of media changes in other communist states. 

However, such a task is beyond the scope of this study. [In China, reforms gave way to flexibility 
and the beginnings of a market economy, which, combined with an entrepreneurial culture in a 
competitive climate, allowed a burgeoning information environment to flourish (see China in the 
Twenty-First Century: Implications for Open Source Research , October 1996). This situation is 
not likely to occur in North Korea either on the same scale or with the same speed inasmuch as 
conditions are quite dissimilar. 

It has become increasingly clear since the early 1980s that North Korea must implement 
some changes to revive its economy. With the end of its favorable trade and aid relationships 
with other socialist countries in the early 1990s, the need for change has become more pressing. 
The economic reforms that are necessary to assure the survival of North Korea must be preceded 
by ideological and political reforms and accompanied by social reforms. Necessary political 
changes include relaxing central control over the economy, allowing greater political transparency 
and accountability, and taking positive diplomatic initiatives toward regional powers, including a 
willingness to reach detente with South Korea. 

The reform scenario is possible only if decisions are made at the highest level in 


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Pyongyang to relax central control, open North Korea's border to trade and investment, and 
reduce military spending. A relaxation of controls or opening of borders would certainly influence 
access to information; if this situation occurs despite the regime's efforts, however, it would not 
lead to reform (in the short term) but to social collapse. Contrarily, a shock therapy reform might 
itself lead to social collapse. Specific economic changes include adopting a market pricing 
mechanism and currency reform; allowing free movement of labor, individual ownership, and 
lowered trade and investment barriers; and dramatically reducing the size of the "second"—that is, 
the military—economy. 

In the case of North Korea, limited reforms will have a limited effect. Nonetheless, even 
modest economic reform, will inevitably influence—however incrementally—the DPRK's 
information environment. For example, in a more open environment, business travelers will 
increase and visit more parts of the country; some of them will take up residence. The 
communications infrastructure will have to improve to accommodate business needs. As 
communication nodes proliferate, the government will be less able to control information flow, 
thereby increasing accessibility to information. 

Given the expressed hostility of the Kim regime to real reform and opening, a prerequisite 
of the reform scenario would likely be the replacement of the Kim regime with one in which 
technocrats and internationalists predominate. One external factor necessary for a reform 
scenario to succeed would be massive aid and investment from South Korea and other regional 
powers. A second external factor would be greatly reduced threat perceptions on the part of the 
North Korean regime; it would need to have breathing room to make the transition to a domestic 
economy without having to worry about South Korean attempts to absorb North Korea. 

Status Quo/Muddling-Through Scenario 

The status quo scenario reflects North Korea's traditional practices of central planning, 
preference for heavy industry and military industry over light industry, collectivism of farming, 
self-reliant research and development, and reliance on socialistic motivation. Muddling through 
reflects Pyongyang's tentative attempts at economic reform and openness; the DPRK's economy 
continued to decline by an estimated 30 percent from 1990 to 1996. 


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Beginning in the early 1980s, a series of modest economic and political measures were 
adopted with a view to increasing domestic economic efficiency and drawing in outside resources. 
These reforms, aimed at opening North Korea to other economies, began with the passage of the 
Foreign Joint Venture Law in 1984, the establishment of a free trade and economic zone in the far 
northeast in 1991, the revision of the constitution and the passage of more business laws in 1992, 
the negotiation of the Agreed Framework with the United States in 1994, and renewed 
solicitations of international investment in the trade zone (and a limited solicitation of South 
Korean investment in other areas) in 1995 and 1996. Although these domestic market and foreign 
investment initiatives had the look of reforms, they were stop-gap measures—changes at the 
periphery of the economy—inasmuch as the government remained committed to socialism and 
chuch'e. 

In a status quo scenario, Pyongyang will persist in restricting access to information to 
such an extent that studies of the DPRK will be forced to rely more on speculation than on fact. 
Going outside the system and opening the information environment as a means of improving the 
country's economic situation will not occur because of the combination of societal, economic, and 
technological constraints. In this situation, there will be no improvement in information flows 
from the government-controlled media. The greatest potential for information gathering in these 
circumstances will come from more extensive contact with North Korean defectors and ethnic 
Korean visitors to the DPRK and exploitation of Japanese sources. 

Collapse 

The collapse scenario is particularly difficult to define in either of its two 
subforms—explosion and implosion. The scenario becomes more probable to the extent that 
North Korea is unable both to reverse the decline in its economy and to procure sufficient food to 
feed its people. Collapse also becomes more likely if the people, especially the elite and the 
military, lose confidence in Kim Chong-il. Collapse also becomes more likely if North Korea's 
neighbors make more active attempts to subvert the Kim government or place North Korea under 
a more stringent economic blockade. The explosion scenario depicts a suicidal North Korea 
launching an invasion of South Korea. The implosion scenario of societal collapse could be fast 


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or slow, peaceful or violent. 

As long as the security forces maintain control over the domestic flow of information and 
movement of people, a full-blown collapse seems unlikely, however. Nonetheless, a possible early 
sign of collapse in 1997 has been the large-scale movement of people from town to town in search 
of food, with the acquiescence of the security forces. The people have so far not moved against 
the government, which has no resources of its own to be looted. 

The collapse/implosion scenario would ultimately place information on North Korea in the 
hands of the South Korean government. This would likely not significantly alter the open source 
information environment. The collapse/explosion scenario would most likely lead to a short war 
followed either by the implosion scenario (if North Korean forces are decisively defeated) or a 
return to the status quo with the information implications noted above (if North Korea is able to 
negotiate a truce). 

The Future: Likelihood of Scenarios 

On September 22, 1996, South Korea's Chungang ilbo published the results of a survey of 
the predictions of 50 North Korea experts working in South Korea. 59 According to the 
newspaper, 8 percent of the experts predicted a North Korean collapse within two to three years, 

8 percent predicted that North Korea would survive for five years, 28 percent predicted survival 
for ten years, and the majority, approximately 53 percent, expected North Korea to muddle 
through for more than ten years. 

An informal survey of English-language articles written by South Koreans since 1995 
confirms that the status quo/muddling-through scenario is by far the most popular. 60 Although 
some of these articles were written before the food crisis became a famine, the majority of articles 
written in 1997 continue to predict considerable longevity for the DPRK. Non-Korean analysts of 
North Korea also favor this scenario. 61 Almost none of these analysts—neither Korean nor non- 
Korean—project from current trends that North Korea will regain its economic health. 

(Interestingly, the end point, if any, of a gradual decline is left undiscussed.) 

Some Korea scholars as well as several persons in the U.S. government and military have 
expressed the opinion that a North Korean collapse is imminent. 62 The more popular belief is that 


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the precursors of a collapse, other than economic hardships and the movement of people, do not 
exist. Lack of opposition groups, a strong security apparatus, and a large military willing to inflict 
violence on the people all argue against a collapse. 

PROSPECTS AND IMPLICATIONS OF THE CONTROL AND FLOW OF 
INFORMATION 

The prospects for information flow during the 1997-2010 period depend largely on which 
scenario is played out on the Korean Peninsula. Truly open sources of information within North 
Korea (as opposed to information circulating within the closed media system) can be created and 
enhanced only by a fundamental change in culture, however. The information environment will 
likely remain closed as long as economic reforms are minimal; opening is also hindered by limited 
technological development and funding constraints. The ultimate change driver is whatever 
would force Pyongyang to give up its information monopoly. 

The very existence of the DPRK is fragile in the sense that if the status quo is disturbed, 
profound domestic changes will trigger the fall of the present regime. If a collapse scenario 
occurs, there is a greater possibility for dramatic change. If, due to collapse, the DPRK ceases to 
exist as an independent entity, the information environment will ultimately be merged with that of 
the ROK. Collection requirements will need to be rewritten. In either a peaceful or forceful 
reunification scenario, South Korea would control the information flow. Both the status quo and 
cautious opening will see a gradual increase in information flow because of changes in the 
political and economic arena that will have a spillover effect in the information environment. 

Projections of future information flow are based on the present pattern of information 
Aqws. It is assumed that the government will continue to exercise total control over all media and 
that virtually any information accurately portraying conditions within the DPRK will be classified 
as a state secret. North Korea's borders will remain closed to most foreign visitors as well as to 
North Korean citizens. The DPRK will preserve its reputation as the most closed society on 
earth. 

Modest changes in North Korea's policies since the 1980s, and the near-catastrophic 
economic events in the mid-1990s, have wrought several changes that have modest implications 


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for the future inflow and outflow of information. (Bear in mind that North Korea continues to be 
faced with limited resources. For example, paper shortages affect printing and publishing.) The 
passage of the 1984 Foreign Joint Venture Law, the opening of the Najin-Sonbong zone, and the 
establishment of limited trading links with South Korean companies have opened the DPRK to 
business travelers, whose number is projected to increase modestly in the future. But, since North 
Korea has not even begun to initiate the types of economic reforms made by China in the late 
1970s and the country remains an abysmally poor investment site, a conservative projection is that 
the DPRK's participation in international trade and investment will not result in a marked increase 
in the flow of information. 

The possibility of an alternate regime, committed to economic development and the 
benefits derived from a greater information flow, should not be discounted, however. If 
technocrats and economic bureaucrats gain a stronger position in the new administration, a more 
open communication environment will gradually emerge, approximating in pale form what has 
happened in China since the late 1970s. However, if the military gains power, which is the 
projection based on current trends, communication flows may become even more restricted than 
they currently are. 

Beginning in 1996, perceptive visitors to the DPRK have reported that large numbers of 
North Koreans are moving around the country in search of food. With its storehouses empty, the 
government appears to have relaxed its stringent controls on domestic travel in order to allow 
people to find their own food. This situation has opened communications channels within the 
country, as people from different areas of the country compare their lives. Although large 
movements of population have not yet crossed North Korea's borders (although the Chinese 
border is becoming more porous), foreign information gatherers should be aware of the greater 
amounts of information that can be gathered from increasingly knowledgeable defectors. In the 
case of defectors, access will be controlled by the host country. 

The number of defectors has increased in the 1990s, and this pattern is likely to continue. 
Unless the new Kim Chong-il government is able to improve economic conditions significantly, it 
is projected that the flow of defectors will rise. The defectors would include a greater number 
from the elite class and from the military, and ultimately a greater information flow. 


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Information obtained from travelers—family visitors, tourists, business people, and NGO 
personnel—is likely to increase modestly in the near term. If the food crisis continues beyond 
1997, as it is projected to do, the opportunities for greater access to the DPRK on the part of aid 
providers also should improve markedly, although they will continue to be concerned about 
making public any reports that might jeopardize their access to the DPRK. 

Although North Korea is expected to join more international and regional organizations, 
no significant increase is expected in the travels of North Korean officials or in the value of the 
information these traveling officials are willing to divulge. Nor is P'yongyang expected to 
significantly relax its controls over the media. It is possible that as the DPRK becomes more 
integrated into the international community, it will tone down its criticism of foreign governments, 
but this constitutes a change in its propaganda strategy, not a liberalization of restrictions on the 
media. In the face of severe economic hardships and growing government concern about 
"imperialistic pollution" (that is, an inflow of information), it is not possible to project that the 
Internet or other forms of computer communication will provide an appreciable flow of 
information into or out of the DPRK. 

One significant opening to North Korea may come in the form of increased flows of ethnic 
Korean travelers across the Chinese border. In the past, information from ethnic Koreans residing 
in China has been underutilized, in part because the Chinese border is far from Seoul and Beijing, 
and in part because potential interviewees are difficult to contact and understandably reluctant to 
say anything that may jeopardize either their businesses or their lives. This information will be 
accessible to visitors to China. 

The information categories of greatest interest to U.S. government policymakers about 
North Korea are high-level strategic and tactical decisions; military capabilities, force readiness, 
and force morale; knowledge of the masses about their government and the outside world; 
satisfaction of the masses with their government; and the country's economic health. These topics 
are protected internal information, however; sources discussed in the preceding section vary in 
suitability for gathering these types of information. Nonetheless, open source information 
collection should continue to be pursued because all sources of information are potentially useful. 

Information about elite decision making is the most difficult to acquire. The best source 


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of information comes from defectors who are privy to such decision making. To date, the only 
North Korean defector who comes even close to having such knowledge is Hwang Chang-yop, 
but even he was not from the inner circle. Clues about decision making may also be gathered 
from North Korean press items, which can be interpreted by knowledgeable analysts in terms of 
trends and conflicts. 

Military capabilities are also a closely held secret. In the open source arena, information 
from commercial satellite images may provide a glimpse of military capabilities (in the late 1980s, 
French satellite photos were acquired by the media to expose North Korea's nuclear program). 

The Federation of Atomic Scientists (FAS) Intelligence Resource Program metapage on "Imagery 
Intelligence on the Web" provides links to imagery intelligence and mapping related resources on 
the web (http://www.fas.org/irp/wwwimint.html). The site also has a search capability. 

Military defectors can provide information about military readiness and morale. Morale 
can also be inferred from stories in the DPRK press, for example, about the need to promote 
military morale. 

The knowledge and attitudes of the masses are best tapped by travelers, especially NGO 
personnel who are permitted to travel outside of Pyongyang, a city home to the North Korean 
elite. Valuable information can also be obtained from ethnic Koreans living in China, Russia, 
Japan, and the United States, if they can be persuaded to talk. Calls in the North Korean press 
for greater popular solidarity and optimism can be read as indications of the lack of these attitudes 
on the part of the masses. 

The DPRK has published no useful or reliable economic statistics for several decades, but 
stories in the press about economic plans or achievements are probably a good indicator of what 
is wrong with the economy. Kim Il-sung's repeated promises to the people that they would 
ultimately be able to eat "meat soup, live in houses with tiled roofs, and wear silk clothes" can be 
viewed as indications of what they lack. Visitors to North Korea can see for themselves the 
outward signs of the country's economic health, for example, by estimating the number of 
operational smokestacks—those that are venting smoke. By observing the dress and behavior of 
North Korean travelers, one can also glean clues about economic conditions. Commercial 
satellite pictures are also a source of information; for example, nighttime pictures of the DPRK 


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taken in the mid-1990s showed far fewer lights than a decade before. 

In view of the varied channels by which information can be obtained, it seems that there 
has been an over-reliance on the limited information provided by the North Korean media, which 
is the easiest information to acquire but also the easiest for the government to control. Access to 
information from other sources, such as defectors and travelers, requires a far greater investment 
in resources and a greater familiarity with Korean language and culture. However, it is these 
former sources, and not the DPRK media, which are projected to increase in value in the coming 
years. 

If the status quo scenario plays out, based on analysis of likely trends and the present 
situation, a greater flow of open source information will likely come in three stages. In the near 
term—through 2000—the availability of commercial and economic data will increase. From 2000 
to about 2004, it is likely that information on social conditions will become more available. It will 
likely not be until 2010, however, that increased access to political information will become 
noticeable. 

ACCESS STRATEGIES 

A comprehensive strategy for obtaining information on North Korea must be formulated. 
Resources must be allocated for the exploitation of a variety of materials and methodologies and 
the use of creative approaches. Researchers must expand their search for and access to 
information. It is important to pursue materials in diverse formats from a wide range of sources, 
not just traditional print publications. In the face of diminishing resources, it is important to 
determine the most valuable strategies and to access the best information in a timely manner. 

North Korea watchers believe that there is some potential for growth in the information 
environment in the next two to five years, but the most likely increase will be closer to 2010. 

Key Impediments and Potential Enablers 

The most serious impediment to greater exploitation of open source literature on North 
Korea is the use and direction of dwindling resources. In a discussion with analysts at the Foreign 
Broadcast Information Service (FBIS), it became clear that resources allocated for translations, in 


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particular, are far short of what is needed. The government currently lacks qualified linguists and 
staff translators. Because of budget constraints, FBIS relies heavily on contractors, who are less 
expensive than in-house translators. Given budgetary limitations, a determination of whether to 
redirect and refocus Japanese- and Russian-language resources towards the Korean Peninsula 
should be made in conjunction with a review of community requirements. This decision must 
weigh the use of resources vis-a-vis acquiring and retaining personnel with appropriate skills for 
hard target countries. 

The United States does not have a dedicated effort for exploiting Japanese media on 
North Korea. This lack of effort includes grey literature, which is often of higher value than 
regularly published and accessible materials. In addition, Chosen Soren's English-language serial, 
The People’s Korea is a regular publication that should be routinely screened. 

Other impediments to information access are network driven. For example, KCNA 
satellite reception is not good (improvement could be accomplished with an infusion of 
resources). The Voice of National Salvation is the most jammed of any Pyongyang station, and 
hence reception is quite poor south of the Demilitarized Zone, making it quite difficult to monitor 
the station's broadcasts in Seoul. 

Three other means of seeking information on North Korea via South Korea should be 
explored. First, it would be beneficial to commit the resources to assign, even in a temporary 
duty status, a qualified person with Korean-language capability to the U.S. Embassy in Seoul. 

This person should be charged with a "mapping exercise," that is, charged with examining which 
South Korean scholars in specific think tanks publish useful information. Second, the chaebols, all 
of which have think tanks, should be exploited as a source of potential information. And third, a 
person assigned to Seoul, as so noted, should attend the many academic conferences held in 
Seoul. U.S. academics, especially those who speak Korean, including Korean-Americans, should 
attend these conferences. The United States government seldom sends personnel, unless the host 
country pays expenses, or follows through on the attendance of academics to such events. 

Establishing a liaison office with the DPRK would also facilitate a greater flow of open 
source information. One stumbling block to the establishment of such an office is North Korea's 
refusal to allow diplomatic pouches to cross the Demilitarized Zone. If this impediment were 


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removed, real time access to Nodong sinmun, and possibly Kulloja , would be accomplished. The 
fact that full page fax service is also not yet available is another impediment to information 
exchange. 

Approaches 

Ground 

It is often more economical and efficient to procure open source information directly from 
an "on the ground presence" than to go through intermediaries. Hence, when possible, the best 
chance for securing useful open source information on North Korea is by implementing a ground 
approach. Conventional means such as interviews are valuable. Personal contacts also yield 
significant material. 

The amount of information coming through open source ground channels has risen with 
the advent of the famine in North Korea and the increasing number of travelers able to pass on 
information gleaned from observation and contact with the society. As a result of a greater NGO 
and UN-affiliated presence, information on North Korea in print and broadcast format is also 
becoming more available. It is possible that an NGO presence will continue post-famine if 
P'yongyang is accepting of a foreign presence that provides some benefits to society and is willing 
to operate under imposed restrictions. 

It also is useful to speak to foreigners who have lived in North Korea over extended 
periods, and who are willing to report on what they notice. For example, such foreigners are 
likely to provide information on where to obtain gasoline and food, the type of information helpful 
in understanding Korean society. 

Intermediary 

"Stand-off via intermediaries" is a supplementary strategy that involves contacting 
intermediaries before reaching the desired information destination and, if necessary, contacting 
experts for specific information. If problems obtaining information are anticipated, researchers 
should resort to this strategy as soon as possible. In such a situation, using an intermediary saves 
both time and money. Because material from North Korea is limited and hard to obtain, the 


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intermediary strategy is a significant means of obtaining information. 

A valuable intermediary approach contacts is through Japanese booksellers and Japanese 
bookstores. A few Japanese booksellers possess lists of North Korean publications. Among 
them, Tokyo's Rainbow bookseller and the Koryo Trading Company of Gardena, California, offer 
complementary titles. The Japan Publications Trading Company of Tokyo also has a publications 
list, but it is less comprehensive. On-site visits to booksellers often yield greater results than 
would be possible through mail-order. For example, a visitor to the Rainbow bookseller will find 
materials not necessarily on lists provided by Japanese booksellers. Books on North Korea are 
being published regularly, and all the major bookstores in Japan, for example, Kinokuniya and 
Yaesu, carry these books. 

As mentioned previously, the Japan Documentation Center of the Library of Congress 
collects grey literature, some of which deals with North Korea. However, as of this time, a search 
of the database did not disclose any information that might be relevant for this study. 

Mix 

In the case of North Korea, using a mix of ground and intermediary strategies is essential 
in order to maximize obtaining critical open source information. As noted, in most cases the 
ground strategy should be applied when the general availability of information makes this strategy 
economically efficient. 

Being resourceful in the search for data is necessary. Therefore, the "mix" strategy is 
particularly useful when one needs to cast a wide net in order to acquire relatively limited 
information and materials. For example, attending various scholarly and other conferences that 
address issues on the Korean Peninsula is one means for obtaining information. The information 
at such events usually is not only fresh but also well analyzed. Using online databases and the 
websites of a variety of organizations to search for material is another essential approach. In both 
cases, going through third-country stakeholders—for example, China, Japan, South Korea, Russia, 
and the United States—will also yield relevant materials. 


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Exploitation and Processing 

Analysis of sector specific publications is another useful means of exploiting open source 
information on North Korea. In recent years, Pyongyang has attempted to attract foreign 
investment by publishing articles on what it needs—for example, foreign investment—or by 
publicizing contract proposals in such fora as press releases, seminars, and private meetings. 
Regular scrutiny of these open source materials provides an informative, although incomplete, 
view of industry and infrastructure. (See, for example, the monthly Foreign Trade of the 
Democratic People's Republic of Korea [Pyongyang] and ,4 Survey for Projects in the Najin- 
Sonbong Free Economic and Trade Zone , published by the Committee for the Promotion of 
External Economic Cooperation of the DPRK and reprinted in North Korea Quarterly 
[Hamburg], Fall 1993. Various European publications, particularly those for East European 
companies that have economic and military links to North Korea, also provide information.) 

A more active and widespread collection effort targeting grey literature is necessary. Grey 
literature such as annual reports, brochures, and irregular publications of private voluntary 
organizations in the United States also supply data that may be pieced together to glean various 
kernels of information. Such organizations might provide information on relief assistance, the 
types of medicines needed, and the value of medical relief provided. 63 For example, as a result of 
an April 1997 mission to North Korea by the United States Center for Disease Control that 
delegation was supplied statistics on malnutrition by North Korean public health officials. 64 
Interaction, the United States alliance of NGOs, is also a useful source of information. 65 In 
addition, the annual reports of companies doing business in Najin-Sonbong provide data on 
problems in the zone. These reports can supply information on operations of various 
enterprises—their successes or failures. Such materials may be able to reveal systemic 
shortcomings in North Korea and are important sources of critical information. 

The floods and resulting famine in the country have promoted a new wave of interest in 
North Korea on the part of foreign journalists, some of whom have been provided unusually 
candid damage assessments by North Korean city, county, and provincial governments. Many of 
these articles are indexed on First Search and in publications such as Public Affairs Information 
Service (PAIS). 


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The best source of specialized data on North Korea's food situation is the World Food 
Program's "Emergency Report," published weekly and available on the Internet. The report 
regularly includes statistics on crops being planted, projections for harvest, and information on 
planned deliveries of food to North Korean ports. Special reports on North Korea are 
occasionally filed by the WFP's resident office in P'yongyang. Since 1995, this office has worked 
closely with the North Korean Committee for Flood Relief, the primary North Korean 
organization responsible for assimilating provincial statistics on food production and food 
shortages. Most statistics on food deliveries in North Korea are attributed to this committee. 66 

Translation and Analysis 

To maximize analytical efforts on North Korea, it is important to have personnel skilled in 
content analysis to interpret Pyongyang's propaganda. A careful reading of this material may 
reveal even subtle changes in policy and direction. Because of diminished resources, the United 
States government does not translate North Korean scientific and technological publications. 
However, translations of such materials are needed, and they should be done by people who are 
knowledgeable in science and technology. 

The translation of Japanese-language materials on the Korean Peninsula also must be 
expanded. The government must become sensitized to requirements beyond what already exists 
and prioritize new requirements. It is essential to learn the value of and target specific Japanese 
analysts, academics, and journals. This effort requires training and resources. 

Resource Implications 

The diverse strategies proposed above should serve well the U.S. government's open 
source collection efforts through 2010 as the open source information environment vis-a-vis 
North Korea begins to improve. The general increase of open source materials—in a variety of 
formats and through a variety of means—and improved access to such materials suggest that a mix 
strategy may be the most reasonable means of obtaining information from—and about—North 
Korea. Whatever method is used, however, will require improved Korean and Japanese language 
skills, as well as a dedicated effort to use Chinese- and Russian-language materials. The 


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combination of greater access to information and increased language proficiency will enhance 
both the collection and analytical efforts of the U.S. government. 


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Notes 

1. Sue Lautze, "The Famine in North Korea: Humanitarian Responses in Communist Nations," 
Feinstein International Famine Center, School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, 
June 1997, http://www.reliefweb.int/emergenc/korea/source/tufts/analysis/300697.html. 

2. KCBN, January 21, 1996; FBIS-EAS-96-018, January 26, 1996; citing the United Nations 
Food and Agriculture Organization's director's remarks that 800 million people worldwide are 
suffering from a food crisis. 

3. Lautze. 

4. Pukhan Ch'ongram, Seoul: Pukhan Yong'uso, 1983, 1166-67. 

5. "Journalism in North Korea," Vantage Point [Seoul], 18, No. 6, June 1995, 26. 

6. KBS-1, 38-39. 

7. "Journalism in North Korea," Vantage Point [Seoul], 18, No. 6, June 1995, 29. 

8. See "Historical Lessons in Building Socialism and the General Line of Our Party," Vantage 
Point [Seoul], March 1992, 12, and KCNA in FBIS, February 5, 1992, 11; "Socialism is Science," 
Nodong Sinmun , November 1, 1994; "Respecting Seniors in the Revolution Is A Noble Moral 
Obligation of Revolutionaries," Nodong Sinmun, December 25, 1995, "Giving Priority to 
Ideological Work Is an Essential Requisite for Accomplishing the Socialist Cause," KCBN, June 
20, 1995. 

9. "About the Communications Service Law," Minju Choson [Pyongyang], April 23, 1997, 2. 
Translated by FBIS-EAS-97-093, May 15, 1997, electronic. 

10. Morgan E. Clippinger, "Kim Chong-11 in the North Korean Mass Media: A Study of Semi- 
Esoteric Communication," Asian Survey , 21, No. 3, March 1981, 289-309. 

11. KCNA, (March 27, 1996), Untitled report on DPRK periodicals. Transcribed by FBIS-EAS- 
97-086, March 28, 1997, electronic. 

12. "Introduction of KCNA," http://www.kcna.co.jp/index/intro.htm. 

13. "Journalism in North Korea," 31. 

14. KCNA, (March 27, 1996), Untitled report on DPRK periodicals. Transcribed by FBIS-EAS- 
97-086, March 28, 1997, electronic. 


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15. Untied States, Foreign Broadcast Information Service, FBIS Media Guide: DPRK , FB WMR 
96-009, June 10, 1996, 2-3. 

16. FBIS, March 28, 1997; The People's Korea [Tokyo], April 5, 1997, 3. 

17. Republic of Korea. Ministry of National Unification. 
http://www.unikorea.gokr/eng/ja/table/enk84.htm. 

18. The Europa World Year Book, 2. London: 1996, 1852; Kim Kyu, et al., Broadcasting in 
Korea , Seoul: Nanam, 1994, 241. 

19. World Radio TV Handbook, Amsterdam: Billboard, 1997, 209-10. 

20. Kyu, 244. 

21. Yonhap, 23. 

22. United Nations Population Fund, Democratic People's Republic of Korea: Report of Mission 
on Programme Review and Needs Assessment for Population Assistance, New Y ork: 1989, 161. 

23. The Europa World Year Book, 2. London: 1996, 1852; and Kim Kyu, et al., Broadcasting in 
Korea. Seoul: Nanam, 1994, 241. 

24. United Nations Development Programme, Human Development Report, 1997, New York: 
Oxford University Press, 184. 

25. "Korean TV Networks," People's Korea [Tokyo], No. 1782, 7. 

26. "Educational, Cultural Broadcast Stirs Sensation," The People's Korea [Tokyo], No. 1782, 
March 29, 1997, 6. 

27. Human Development Report, 1997, 147; World Factbook 1996 [electronic]. 

28. Yi Chong-hun, Sisa Journal, July 11, 1996, 50-52, translated by FBIS-EAS-96-149, August 
1, 1996, 43-46. 

29. Janice Gross Stein, "Building Politics into Psychology: The Misperception of Threat," 
Political Psychology, 9, No. 2, 1988, 245-71. 

30. "Korea, South—Freedom of Information," World Law Bulletin, May 1997, 97.05. Library of 
Congress. 


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31. Institutes for Strategic and International Studies, 
http://iias.leidenuniv.nl/institutes/polasia.html. 

32. Institutes for Strategic and International Studies, 
http://iias.leidenuniv.nl/institutes/polasia.html. 

33. Institutes for Strategic and International Studies, 
http://iias.leidenuniv.nl/institutes/polasia.html. 

34. International University of Japan—Research Institutes, http://www.iuj.ac.jp/research/. 
GLOCOM Website: http://www.glocom.ac.jp/. 

35. William Paver and Yiping Wang. Postsecondary Institutions of the People's Republic of 
China , Washington, D.C.: American Association of Collegiate Registrars and Admissions 
Officers, 1992; Institutes for Strategic and International Studies; 
http://iias.leidenuniv.nl/institutes/polasia.html. 

36. http://pul2.lib.pku.edu.cn/www/service/wopac.html. 

37. http://hong.commerce.ubc.ca/www/Jida/institute.html. 

38. "Scientific Research of Jilin Province," 
http://www.chinarainbow.com/english/jkww/research.htm. 

39. Portico, The British Library's Online Information Server, http://portico.bl.uk/oioc/korea/html 

40. "OIOC: Korean Section: Monographs, Serials and Works in Western Languages," 
http://portico.bl.uk/oioc/korea-monographs.html. 

41. Nicholas Eberstadt and Judith Banister, The Population of North Korea , Berkeley: University 
of California, 1992, 5. 

42. United Nations Population Fund. Report of Mission on Programme Review and Needs 
Assessment for Population Assistance. New York: UNFPA, 1989. 

43. Eberstadt and Banister, 1992. 

44. AT&T News Release. 

45. Asia-Pacific Satellite Industry Directory , 2d ed., Phillips Business Information, Inc., 1996, 
205. 


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46. FBIS, June 24, 1996, 34. 

47. Park Jong-chul, et al, Pukhan Ital Chuminui Sahoe Chokung'e Kwanhan Yon'gu: Siltae 
Chosa mit Kaeson Pang'an [Research on the Social Applicability of Defectors from North Korea: 
Investigation of Their Situation and Measures to Improve It]. Seoul: Korea Institute for National 
Unification, 1996, 6-10; Republic of Korea, Ministry of National Unification, 1997, fax. 

48. Selected internet addresses include: http://www.interaction.org; http://www.unicc.org [for 
situation reports of the UN office in Pyongyang], and http://www.sitreps@vita.org. [for monthly 
World Food Program reports]. 

49. WFP Emergency Report, No. 48, November 28, 1997. 

50. Kang Song-po, Article on DPRK tourism industry in Kyonghyan Sinmun , April 24, 1996, 6. 
Translated by FBIS-EAS-95-079, April 25, 1995, 50. 

51. Wolgan Choson [Seoul], 1997, 47. 

52. U, Chong-chang. "Making a Living is More Important than Ideology," Chugan Choson 
[Seoul], May 12, 1994, 18-21; translated by FBIS-EAS-94-093, May 13, 1994, 38-42; FBIS, 
January 25, 1996, 36. 

53. "Korean Americans Appeal to Help Stop North Korea's Famine." News Release of the Korean 
American Sharing Movement, April 28, 1997. 

54. Lee Goo-hong, "Overseas Koreans: Invaluable Asset," Korea Focus [Seoul], 4, No. 1, 
January-February 1996, 24-33. 

55. Chong San-yong, 1997 (two sources). 

56. Marcus Noland, "North Korea's Staying Power," Foreign Affairs , 76, No. 3, July-August 
1997, 113. 

57. Nicholas Eberstadt; Marcus Noland; Helen Johnstone, "Playing the waiting game," Asian 
Business , April 1997, 15. 

58. Eberstadt, Nicholas, "North Korea: Reform, Muddling Through, or Collapse?" NBR Analysis 
(The National Bureau of Asian Research) 4, No. 3, September 1993; see also Suh, Jin Young, 
"North Korea's Political Crisis and Four Scenarios Regarding the Process of Changes," East 
Asian Review [Seoul], 9, No. 2, 1997, 54-73. 

59. See also Pan Suk Kim, "Prospects for Change of the North Korean Regime," Paper presented 
at the International Conference on The Search for Peace and Security in Northeast Asia Toward 
the 21st Century, Institute for Far Eastern Studies, Kyungnam University and Council on Korea- 


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U.S. Security Studies. Seoul, October 24-25, 1996, 14. 

60. For example, Yong-Kyun Cho, 1997; Kyu-sup Chung, 1997; Pan Suk Kim, 1996; Sung Chull 
Kim, 1996; Young-Yoon Kim, 1996; Seung-Yul Oh, 1996; Young-Ho Park, 1995; Jin Young 
Suh, 1997; Bum Jik Yang, 1996; Ho-Yeol Yoo, 1996; Namkoong Young, 1996. 

61. For example, Selig S. Harrison, 1997; Robert Manning, 1997; Larry Niksch, 1996; Marcus 
Noland, 1997; Sakai Takashi, 1996; Jianming Zhou and Lingyi Wang, 1996. 

62. For example, former CIA Director John Deutch; former NIO Ezra Vogel; former NSC 
Director for East Asia, Stanley Roth; former USFK Commander General Gary Luck; current 
USFK Commander General John H. Tilelli [Federal News Service , March 7, 1997]; Deputy 
Assistant Secretary of Defense Kurt Cambpell; Larry Niksch, 3-4. 

63. See, for example, Interchurch Medical Assistance, Inc. 1996 Annual Report ; Lutheran World 
Relief. North Korea: A Famine Happening Off-Camera Means We Must Believe Without Seeing. 
July 1, 1997; Mercy Corps International. Mercy Corps Aids Famine Victims in North Korea , 

1997. 

64. United States, Center for Disease Control, Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report , 46, No. 

24, June 20, 1997. 

65. http://www.interaction.org. 

66. Bernard Krisher, "Donation Trip to Help DPRK Flood Victims," People's Korea [Tokyo], 
December 16, 1995; Julie Moon, "Field Report from Flood Plains," People's Korea [Tokyo], 
February 17, 1996; http://www.sitreps@vita.org; http://www.unicc.org. 


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BIBLIOGRAPHY 

MONOGRAPHS AND SERIAL PUBLICATIONS 

"About the Communications Service Law," Minju Choson [P'yongyang], April 23, 1997, 2. 
Translated by FBIS-EAS-97-093, May 15, 1997, electronic. 

Asia-Pacific Satellite Industry Directory. 2d ed., Potomac, Maryland: Philips Business 
Information, Inc., 1996. 

Berkowitz, Bruce. "Information Age Intelligence," Foreign Policy , No. 103, Summer 1996, 35- 
50. 

Cho, Kap-che. "Recorded Tape of Kim Chong-il's Live Voice—60 Minutes of Astonishing 

Confessions Similar to That of a Reactionary," Wolgan Choson [Seoul], October 1995, 
104-28. Translated by FBIS-EAS-95-213, November 3, 1995, 40-52. 

Cho, Yong-Kyun. Strategies for Economic Reform in North Korea. Discussion paper, conference 
arranged by The Brookings Institution and the Institute of Foreign Affairs and National 
Security (IFANS), July 9-10, 1997, Washington, D.C. 

Ch'oe, Yong-chae. "The Real Power Holders in North Korea Are the Young Reform-Oriented 
Faction," Sisa Journal [Seoul], July 24, 1997, 58-59. Translated by FBIS-EAS-97-204, 
July 25, 1997, electronic. 

Chon, Chong-ho. "A Guiding Policy That Should Be Maintained in Socialist Construction," Minju 
Choson [P'yongyang], June 13, 1997, 2. Translated by FBIS-EAS-97-188, July 8, 1997, 
electronic. 

Chong, Sang-Yong. Kim Chong-il ui Choechukkun Silse Gurup [The most recent power group 
members who are closest to Kim Chong-il]. TongilHan'guk [Seoul], June 1997, 81-83. 

Chong, Sang-Yong. Kim Chong-il Cheje Ponkyuk Chulbomhu Chungyongdoel Inmuldul (People 
who will be promoted to top posts after Kim Chong-il's inauguration). Tongil Han’guk 
[Seoul], July 1997,81-83. 

Chung, Kyu-sup. "A Reshuffle in the Power Hierarchy under Kim Jong-il's Leadership and an 
Analytic Study on Its Stability," Vantage Point [Seoul], 20, No. 7, 1997. 

Clippinger, Morgan E. "Kim Chong-11 in the North Korean Mass Media: A Study of Semi- 
Esoteric Communication," Asian Survey, 21, No. 3, March 1981, 289-309. 

Democratic People's Republic of Korea. Korea Publications Export & Import Corporation. 


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Catalogue of Korean Publications 1996. Pyongyang: 1996. 

Do, Heung-yul. "North Korea: Teetering on the Edge?" Korea Focus [Seoul], 4, No. 4, 1996, 47- 
55. Originally published in Saemulgyol (New Waves), July 1996. 

Eberstadt, Nicholas. "Hastening Korean Reunification," Foreign Affairs , 76, No. 2, March-April 
1997, 77-92. 

Eberstadt, Nicholas. Korea Approaches Reunification. Armonk, New York: M.E. Sharpe, 1995. 
[The endnotes provide leads to about 500 U.S. and foreign publications on North Korea.] 

Eberstadt, Nicholas. "North Korea: Reform, Muddling Through, or Collapse?" NBR Analysis 
(The National Bureau of Asian Research) 4, No. 3, September 1993. 

Eberstadt, Nicholas, and Judith Banister. The Population of North Korea. Berkeley: University of 
California, 1992. 

Europa World Year Book. 2. London: 1996. 

Federal News Service. (March 7, 1997). Prepared Statement of General John H. Tilelli, Jr., 
Commander in Chief, United Nations Command/Combined Forces Command, and 
Commander, United States Forces, Korea. Before the House National Security 
Committee, March 6, 1997. Transcript. 

Federal News Service. (July 8, 1997). Hearing of the East Asia and Pacific Affairs 

Subcommittee of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee. Testimony of Charles 
Kartman, Acting Assistant Secretary of State for East Asian and Pacific Affairs. 

Transcript. Consistent with his earlier testimony: Federal News Service. (February 26, 

1997). Hearing of the Asia Pacific Subcommittee of the House International Relations 
Committee. 

Foreign Broadcast Information Service. FBIS Media Guide: Democratic People's Republic of 
Korea. A World Media Report (FB WMR 96-009), June 10, 1996. 

Federal News Prepared Statement of General John H. Tilelli, Jr., Commander-in-Chief, United 
Nations Command/Combined Forces Command, and Commander, United States Forces, 
Korea. House National Security Committee, March 6, 1997. Transcript. (March 7, 1997). 

Federal News Service. Hearing of the East Asia and Pacific Affairs Subcommittee of the Senate 
Foreign Relations Committee. Testimony of Charles Kartman, Acting Assistant Secretary 
of State for East Asian and Pacific Affairs. Transcript. Consistent with his earlier 
testimony: Federal News Service. (February 26, 1997). Hearing of the Asia Pacific 
Subcommittee of the House International Relations Committee. (July 8, 1997). 


71 



















































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North Korea in 21st Century: Open Source Research 


Grinker, Roy Richard. "Mourning the Nation: Ruins of the North in Seoul," Positions , 3, No. 1, 
1995, 192-223. 

Harrison, Selig. "Promoting a Soft Landing in Korea," Foreign Policy , No. 106, 1997, 57-75. 

Huh, Moon-Young. "The Stability and Durability of the Kim Jong-il Regime," The Korean 
Journal of National Unification [Seoul], 5, 1996, 65-81. 

Interchurch Medical Assistance. 1996 Annual Report. 

Johnstone, Helen. "Playing the Waiting Game," Asian Business , April 1997, 15. 

"Journalism in North Korea," Vantage Point [Seoul], 18, No. 6, June 1995, 25-32. 

Kang, Jae-on, and Tong-hun Kim. Zainichi Kankoku Chosenjin—Rekishi to Tenbo (Koreans in 
Japan—History and Prospect). Tokyo: rodo Keizaisha, 1989. 

Kang, Song-po. Article on DPRK tourism industry in Kyonghyan sinmun, April 24, 1996, 6. 
Translated by FBIS-EAS-95-079, April 25, 1995, 50. 

KBS-1 Television [Seoul]. (June 7, 1996). News conference by defecting North Korean broadcast 
scriptwriter. Translated by FBIS-EAS-96-112, June 10, 1996, 37-45. 

KBS-1 Television. (July 10, 1997). Question and answer session with Hwang Jong Yop. BBC 
Summary of World Broadcasts, July 15, 1997, electronic. 

KCNA. (March 27, 1996). Untitled report on DPRK periodicals. Transcribed by FBIS-EAS-97- 
086, March 28, 1997, electronic. 

KCNA. (May 8, 1996). DPRK’s Policy Consistent. Transcribed by FBIS-EAS-96-090, May 8, 
1996,21-22. 

KCNA. (June 19, 1996). Citing a Nodong sinmun editorial of the same date entitled "Let Us 

Accomplish Revolutionary Cause of Chuch'e Under Leadership of the Great Comrade Kim 
Chong-il." Transcribed by FBIS-EAS-96-120, June 20, 1996,21. 

KCNA. (May 24, 1997). Anachronistic Way of Thinking Flailed. Transcribed by FBIS-EAS-97- 
144, May 28, 1997, electronic. 

Kim Chong-il. "Giving Priority to Ideological Work Is an Essential Requisite for Accomplishing 
the Socialist Cause." KCBN, June 20, 1995; translated by FBIS-EAS-95-121, June 23, 
1995,31-46. 


72 





































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Kim Chong-il. "Historical Lesson in Building Socialism and the General Line of Our Party." 

Broadcast by KCNA on February 4, 1992; transcribed by FBIS-EAS-92-024, February 5, 
1992. Excerpts and commentary in Vantage Point [Seoul], 1992. Kim Chong-il Instructs 
Party Leaders to Strengthen 'Dictatorial Function' of Government," 15, No. 5, 12-16. 

Kim Chong-il. On Preserving the Chuch'e Character and National Character of the Revolution 

and Construction. Published on June 19, 1997. Reported by KCNA on June 21, 1997. Part 
1 transcribed by FBIS-EAS-97-120, June 24, 1997, electronic. Part 2 transcribed by 
FBIS-EAS-97-219, August 11, 1997, electronic. 

Kim Chong-il. Respecting Seniors in the Revolution Is a Noble Moral Obligation of 

Revolutionaries. The KCNA version of this paper, originally published in Nodong sinmun 
on December 25, 1995, may be found in People's Korea [Tokyo], No. 1726, January 13, 
1996, 2-5. An FBIS translation of the work taken from P'yongyang Radio may be found in 
FBIS-EAS-95-247, December 26, 1995, 29-39. 

Kim Chong-il. "Socialism Is Science." Broadcast by KCNA, November 7, 1994. Originally 
published in Nodong Sinmun, November 1, 1994. Transcribed by FBIS-EAS-94-215, 
November 7, 1994, 38-49. 

Kim, Kook-Chin. Crisis Management on the Korean Peninsula: A Korean View. Discussion 
paper, conference arranged by The Brookings Institution and the Institute of Foreign 
Affairs and National Security (IFANS), July 9-10, 1997, Washington, D.C. 

Kim Kyu, Won-Yong Kim, and Jong-Geun Kang. Broadcasting in Korea. Seoul: Nanam, 1994. 

Kim, Pan Suk. "Prospects for Change of the North Korean Regime." Paper presented at the 

International Conference on The Search for Peace and Security in Northeast Asia Toward 
the 21st Century, Institute for Far Eastern Studies, Kyungnam University and Council on 
Korea-U.S. Security Studies. Seoul, October 24-25, 1996. 

Kim, Sung Chull. "Development of Systemic Dissonance in North Korea," The Korean Journal of 
National Unification [Seoul], 5, 1996, 83-109. 

Kim Yong-dal. Nitcho Kokko Juritsu to Zainichi Chosenjin no Kokuseki (Normalization of Japan- 
North Korea Diplomatic Relations and Nationality of Koreans in Japan). Tokyo: Akashi 
Shoten, 1992. 

Kim Yong-dal. "Chosen Soren wa Sokoku Henkaku no 'Senkakusha' tare!" (Chongryun! Be a 
"Pioneer" of the Reform of the Fatherland!) RENK (Rescue the North Korean People!) 
[place of publication unknown], 1, 1993, 29. 

Kim Yong-dal. "North Korea: Right Next to You." Bessatsu Takarajima [place of publication 


73 










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unknown], 221, 1995, 48-56. 

Kim, Young-Yoon. "The North Korean Economic Crisis and Our Policies," The Korean Journal 
of National Unification [Seoul], 5, 1996, 111-31. 

"Korea, South—Freedom of Information," World Law Bulletin, May 1997, 5. 

"Korean TV Networks," The People's Korea [Tokyo], March 29, 1997, No. 1782, 7. 

Lautze, Sue. "The Famine in North Korea: Humanitarian Responses in Communist Nations," 
Feinstein International Famine Center, School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts 
University, June 1997. 

[http ://www.reliefweb. int/emergenc/korea/source/tufts/analy sis/300697. html. ] 

Lee, Choon Kun. "Outlook for North Korea in 1996: Survival or Collapse," East Asian Review 
[Seoul], 8, No. 1, 1996, 26-41. 

Lee, Jae-keun. "Challenging Predictions of North Korea’s Implosion," Korea Focus [Seoul], 5, 
No. 1, 1997, 33-40. Originally published in Monthly Dongwha, December 1996. 

Lee, Goo-hong. "Overseas Koreans: Invaluable Asset," Korea Focus [Seoul], 4, No. 1, January- 
February 1996, 24-33. 

Lee, Woo Young. "Research on the Social Adaptation of North Korean Refugees," RINU 

Newsletter (Research Institute for National Unification) [Seoul], 6, No. 1, March 1997, 8- 
9. 

Lindblom, Charles E. "The Science of Muddling Through," Public Administration Review , 19, 
Spring 1959. 

Lutheran World Relief. North Korea : A Famine Happening Off Camera Means We Must Believe 
Without Seeing, July 1, 1997. 

Mainichi Daily News. The Quiet Reformer Within Kim Chong-il. July 18, 1996. Lexis/Nexis. 

Manning, Robert A. "Averting a Korean Meltdown," Policy Report of the Progressive Policy 
Institute (PPI), Washington, D.C., May 1997. 

Mercy Corps International. Mercy Corps Aids Famine Victims in North Korea. 1997 

Miliband. S.D. Biobibliograficheskiy slovar' otechestvennykh vostokovedov s 1917 g. 

(Biobibliographic Dictionary of Soviet/Russian Orientalists since 1917). 2 volumes. 2d 
edition. Moscow: Nauka, 1995. 


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Naewoe t'ongsin (July 11, 1996). Control Measure for Farmers Markets Mired in Confusion. 

Report in the "Weekly Feature" column, No. 1013, E1-E4. Translated by FBIS-EAS-96- 
166, August 26, 1996,35-37. 

Nam Mun-hui. "Kim Chong-il's Determination to Introduce Capitalism," Sisa Journal [Seoul], 
July 10, 1997, 50-51. Translated by FBIS-EAS-97-193, July 16, 1997, electronic. 

NAPSNet (Northeast Asia Peace and Security Network). Special Report. "The DPRK Report," 
No. 7. July 25, 1997. electronic. 

Niksch, Larry A. "U.S. Policy Towards North Korea: The Collapse Theory and Its Influence." 

Paper for the Annual International Symposium of Korea National Defense University on 
"Interrelation among South Korea, North Korea and the United States beyond the 1994 
Geneva Nuclear Agreement," August 22, 1997, Seoul. 

Noland, Marcus. "North Korea's Staying Power," Foreign Affairs , 76, No. 4, July-August 1997, 
105-18. 

Nomura Susumu. "Zainichi 70 mannin no 'Goodbye! Kim Il-sung,'" (Goodbye to Kim Il-sung 

from 700,000 Koreans in Japan). Views [place of publication unknown], November 1994, 
164-75. 

Oh, Seung-Yul. "Prospects for Economic Reforms in North Korea and Policy 

Recommendations," The Korean Journal of National Unification [Seoul], 5, 1996, 133- 
51. 

Oliver, Bernard Vincent. The Implementation of China's Nationality Policy in the Northeast 
Provinces. San Francisco: Mellen Research University Press, 1993. 

Park, Jong-chul, Kim Young-yoon, and Lee Woo-Young. Pukhan Ital Chuminui Sahoe 

Chokung'e Kwanhan Yon'gu: Siltae Chosa mit Kaeson Pang'an (Research on the Social 
Applicability of Defectors from North Korea: Investigation of Their Situation and 
Measures to Improve It). Seoul: Korea Institute for National Unification, 1996, 6-10. 

Park, Young-Ho. "Political Change in North Korea: Is There Any Possibility for System 

Transformation?" The Korean Journal of Defense Analysis [Seoul], 7, No. 2, 1995, 217- 
35. 

Paver, William, and Yiping Wang. Postsecondary Institutions of the People's Republic of China. 
Washington, D.C.: American Association of Collegiate Registrars and Admissions 
Officers, 1992. [Provides addresses, phone numbers, and descriptions of educational 
programs of 1,200 universities, colleges, and research institutes.] 


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The People's Korea [Tokyo], various issues, 1996-97. 

Pukhan Charyo Moklok (List of North Korean Publications and References). Seoul: Ministry of 

National Unification, 1995, 6, 1-181. [This source lists DPRK periodicals that the Ministry 
of National Unification and/or Republic of Korea university libraries subscribe to, in 
addition to sources that are kept in the Ministry's archives.] 

Pukhan Ch'ongram (A Comprehensive Summary of North Korea). Seoul: Pukhan Yong'uso 
(Institute of North Korean Studies), 1983. 

"Red Banner Philosophy as Kim Jong-il's Ruling Tool," Vantage Point [Seoul], 20, No. 3, March 
1997, 16-18. 

"Remarks Made December 7, 1996, by Great General Kim Jong-il," Vantage Point [Seoul], 20, 

No. 4, April 1997, 40-44. 

Republic of Korea. Ministry of National Unification. Faxed information provided by the Office of 
the Director General of Humanitarian Affairs, 1997. 

Rim, Song-gwang. "Kikoku Jigyo wa Chosen Soren to Zainichi Chosenjin ni Nani o 

motarashitanoka?" (What Did Repatriation Bring to Chongryun and Koreans in Japan?) 
Bessatsu Takarajima [place of publication unknown], 221, 1995, 84-93. 

Ryang, Sonia. North Koreans in Japan: Language, Ideology, and Identity. Boulder: Westview 
Press, 1997. 

Shigemura, Toshimitsu. "There Will Be No 'Contingency' situation on the Korean Peninsula," 

Chuo Koron [Tokyo], July 1996, 92-101. Translated by FBIS-EAS-96-122, June 24, 

1996, 26-34. 

Solomon, Richard H. "The Global Information Revolution and International Conflict 
Management." [http://www.usip.org/oc/vdpresents/rhsvd.html] 

Song, Mun-hong. "Red Signal for Management of Intelligence on North Korea," Sindong-a 
[Seoul], April 1996, 224-37. Translated by FBIS-EAS-96-119, June 19, 1996, 62-69. 

Song, Young-dae. "Changes in North Korea and How to Respond," Korea Focus [Seoul], 4, No. 

4, 1997, 22-32. Originally published in Minjok Chongnon [Seoul], January 1997. 

Suh, Dae-Sook, and Edward J. Shultz, eds. Koreans in China. Honolulu: Center for Korean 
Studies, University of Hawaii, 1990. 

Suh, Jin Young. "North Korea's Political Crisis and Four Scenarios Regarding the Process of 


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Changes," East Asian Review [Seoul], 9, No. 2, 1997, 54-73. 

Sullivan, Kevin. "Survival Instinct; Don't Bet the Collective on North Korea's Imminent 
Collapse," The Washington Post , March 9, 1997, Cl. 

Takashi, Sakai. "The Present Situation and the Prospect of North Korean Ideology," The Korean 
Journal of National Unification [Seoul], 5, 1996, 25-42. 

Terumi, Yamada, and Chong-myong Pak, eds. Zainichi Chosenjin: Rekishi to Genjo (Koreans in 
Japan: Past and Present). Tokyo: Akashi Shoten, 1991. 

United Nations. United Nations Development Programme. Human Development Report, 1997 , 
New York: Oxford University Press, 1997. 

United Nations. United Nations Development Programme. UNDP and the Communications 
Revolution, [http://www.undp.org/undp/comm/] 

United Nations. United Nations Population Fund. Democratic People's Republic of Korea: 

Report of Mission on Programme Review and Needs Assessment for Population 
Assistance. New York: UNPFA, 1989. 

United States. Center for Disease Control. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report , 46, No. 24, 
June 20, 1997. 

United States. Foreign Broadcast Information Service. FBIS: Media Guide: Democratic People's 
Republic of Korea. FB WMR 96-009, June 10, 1996. 

Vanin, Yuri V. "North Korea: Hard March," The Korean Journal of National Unification 
[Seoul], 5, 1996, 43-64. 

Wolgan Choson. Text of speech by Kim Chong-il, delivered in December 1996 on the occasion of 
the 50th anniversary of the founding of Kim Il-sung University, April 1997, 306-317. 
Translated by FBIS-EAS-97-054, March 21, 1997, electronic. 

World Radio TV Handbook 1997 , 51. Amsterdam: Billboard, 1997. 

Yang, Jik Bum. "The Problem of Power Succession and Possible Changes in Economic Policy in 
North Korea," East Asian Review [Seoul], 8, No. 2, 1996. Reprinted in Information 
Service , 1996, No. 3, 22-37. 

Yonhap News Service [Seoul]. (February 13, 1995). KBS estimate of size of its North Korean 
audience. Transcribed by FBIS-EAS-95-031, February 15, 1995, p. 23. 


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Yoo, Ho-Yeol P. "DPRK Policy Toward South Korea and the Prospects of Reconciliation," The 
Korean Journal of National Unification [Seoul], 5, 1996, 153-73. 

Yoo, Young Ock. "A Symbolistic Study of the Possibility of De-Kimilsungization of Juche 
Ideology," East Asian Review [Seoul], 6, No. 1, 1994, 37-60. 

Young, Namkoong. "Trends and Prospects of the North Korean Economy," Korea and World 
Affairs [Seoul], 20, No. 2, 1996. Reprinted in Information Service on the Unification 
Question of the Korean Peninsula (MNU), 1996, No. 3, 5-21. 

Yu, Kun-kol. Article in Seoul sinmun , June 30, 1997, 16. Translated by FBIS-EAS-97-182, July 
2, 1997, electronic. 

Zhou Jianming and Wang Lingyi. "Still Stable Korean-type of Socialism," The Korean Journal of 
National Unification [Seoul], 5, 1996, 7-23. 


WEBSITES 

Foreign Broadcast Information Service [http://fbis.fedworld.gov/], various dates, 1996-97. 

Institutes for Strategic and International Studies [http://iias.leidenuniv.nl/institutes/polasia.html] 

Northeast Asia Peace and Security Network Daily Report [NAPSNet@nautilus.org], various 
dates, 1996-97. 

Scientific Research of Jilin Province [http>://www.chinarainbow.com/english/jkww/research.htm] 

United Nations International Computing Centre [http://www.unicc.org] 

United States Central Intelligence Agency World Factbook 

[http://www.odci.gov/cia/publications/nsolo/wfb-all.htm] 

Volunteers in Technical Assistance [http://www.vita.org] 


INTERVIEWS CONDUCTED 

CIA/DI/Office of Asian Pacific and Latin American Analysis 
John Sloboda 

CIA/Foreign Broadcast Information Service 


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Karen Galeano 
Syd Seiler 

Defense Intelligence Agency 
Guy Arrigoni 
Herb Artola 
Chuck Lundy 

Mark Benedict, David Oh (reservists) 
Department of State/INR 
John Merrill 
C. Kenneth Quinones 


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APPENDIX 


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TABLE 1 

DOMESTIC RADIO STATIONS USING AM FREQUENCIES 


City 

Network 

Frequency 

(kilohertz) 

Power 

(kilowatts) 

Audience 

(region) 

Chongjin 

PBN* 

621 

500 

northeast 

Haeju 

KCBN** 

1080 

1,500 

southwest 

Hamhung 

KCBN 

999 

250 

southeast 

Hwadae 

unknown 

801 

500 

northeast 

Hwangju 

KCBN 

927 

50 

southwest 

Hyesan 

KCBN 

765 

50 

northeast 

Kaesong 

KCBN 

810 

50 

southwest 

Pyongyang 

PBN 

657 

1,500 

southwest 

Pyongyang 

KCBN 

819 

500 

southwest 

Samgo 

PBN 

684 

250 

northeast 

Sangwon 

PBN 

855 

500 

southwest 

Sep’o 

PBN 

729 

50 

southeast 

Sinuiju 

KCBN 

864 

250 

northwest 

Wiwon 

KCBN 

720 

500 

northwest 

Wonsan 

KCBN 

882 

250 

southeast 


* Pyongyang Broadcasting Network 
** Korean Central Broadcasting Network 

Source: World Radio TV Handbook, 51, Amsterdam: 1997,210,390-98. 


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TABLE 2 

DOMESTIC RADIO STATIONS USING FM FREQUENCIES 


City 


Chongjin 

Haeju 

Haeju 

Hamhung 

Kaesong 

Kaesong 

Kanggye 

Komdok 

Nampo 

Pyongsong 

Pyongyang 

Sinuiju 

Wonsan 


Network 


PBN* 

PBN 

PBN 

PBN 

PBN 

PBN 

PBN 

PBN 

PBN 

PBN 

PBN 

PBN 

PBN 


Frequency 

(kilohertz) 

105.5 

97.8 
103.7 

106.1 

92.5 

93.8 
93.3 

102.1 

107.2 

90.1 

105.2 

101.3 

95.1 


Power 

(kilowatts) 

10 

10 

10 

20 

10 

10 

05 

01 

02 

02 

20 

05 

05 


Audience 

(region) 

northeast 

southwest 

southwest 

southeast 

southwest 

southwest 

northwest 

northeast 

southwest 

southwest 

southwest 

northwest 

southeast 


* Pyongyang Broadcasting Network 

Source: World Radio TV Handbook , 51, Amsterdam, 1997, 210. 


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SELECTED HIGH PROFILE DEFECTORS 

• Hwang Jang Yop: the godfather of North Korea's chuch'e [self-reliance] ideology 
who defected to South Korea while visiting China. Hwang is the most senior and 
important defector since the division of the Korean Peninsula (April 1997). 

• Lee Chol-soo: a North Korean Air Force captain who flew his MiG-19 to South 
Korea (May 1996). 

• Pae In-su: a transportation section manager for the "Foreign Currency Firm," an 
organization specially designated to earn foreign currency for Kim Jong IPs office 
(January 1996). 

• Choe Su-bong: a member of a government dance troupe that performs for foreign 
visitors and at Kim Jong IPs special events (January 1996). 

• Cha Song-gun: the husband of Choe Su-bong, Cha served as a North Korean 
diplomat in Zambia (January 1996). 

• Kim Myong-se: a professor at Kim II Sung University (Winter 1995). 

• Choe Ju-hwal: a colonel in the North Korean People's Army (October 1995). 

• Cho Myung-chol: a professor of economics at Kim II Sung University (July 1994). 

• Kang Myong-do: vice president of a joint-venture company; son-in-law of North 
Korean premier Kang Song-san (May 1994). 

• Yo Man-chol: a captain in the Ministry of Public Security (April 1994). 

• Yi Chung-guk: a worker in the biochemical defense department of the General 
Staff of the Korean People's Army (March 1994). 

• Chong Ki-hae: a deputy in the Supreme People's Assembly (February 1994). 

• Kim Hyun-hie: a female terrorist who planted a plastic bomb in a Korean Air 

Lines plane in November 1987. The bomb killed all the people aboard. Kim and 
an accomplice left the airplane before the fatal leg of its flight; she was captured 
and brought to Seoul where she was given a prison sentence (later commuted) and 
became a "reborn Christian" (December 1987). 


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SELECTED ELECTRONIC LINKS ON NORTH KOREA 


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Institutes, Libraries, and Academic Institutions 

Institutes for Strategic and International Studies in Asia (from Leiden University) 
[http://iias.leidenuniv.nl/institutes/polasia.html] 

British Library Oriental and India Office Collections 
[http://portico.bl.uk/oioc/korea/html] 
[http://portico.bl.uk/oioc/korea-monographs.html] 

International University of Japan: Research Centers and Institutes: Center for Global 
Communications (GLOCOM) 

[http ://www. iuj. ac .jp/research/] 

Columbia University: Department of East Asian Languages & Cultures 
[http://www.columbia.edu/cu/ealac/eadepts.html] 

Korea Institute: Harvard University: Harvard Korean Studies Bibliographic Data Base 
[http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~korbib/] 

"DPRK Special" 

[http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~hoffrnann/DRPK.html] 

Frank's Korean Studies Page: Library Gateway 

[http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~hofj&nann/6.html] 

Frank's Korean Studies Page: Korean Newspapers, etc. 
[http://www.fas.harvard.edU/~hoffrnann/2.html] 

Asian Studies: North Korea: Australian National University 

[http ://coombs. anu. edu. au/WWWVL Asian/NKorea.html] 

North Korea News & Newspapers: Council on East Asian Libraries 
[http://darkwing.uorego...ing/kstuff/nknews.html] 

Center for Korean Studies: Korea on the Internet: University of Hawaii 
[http://www2.hawaii.edu/korea/korea_links.htm] 

Japan Documentation Center Library of Congress 
[http ://lcweb. loc. go v/rr/j dc] 

JDC Journal List 

[http://lcweb.loc.gov/rr.jdc/list.html] 

Searching the JDC Bibliographic Database 

[http ://lcweb. loc. go v/rr/j dc/search.html] 

































Institutes for Strategic and International Studies 


http://iias.leidenuniv.nl/institutes/polasir 


INSTITUTES FOR STRATEGIC AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES IN ASIA 

(and a few relevant institutes in Australia, New Zealand, Russia, UK and USA) 

Australia Australian Institute of International Affairs (AHA) 

Bangladesh Bangladesh Institute of International and Strategic Studies (BUSS) 

Cambodia Cambodian Institute for Cooperation and Peace (CICP) 

China China Centre for International Studies (CCIS) 

Institute for International Strategic Studies (CUSS) 

Institute of Contemporary International Relations (CICIR) 

Institute of International Studies (CHS) 

Shanghai Institute for International Studies (SHS) 

Taiwan Institute of International Relations (IIR) 

India Institute for Defense Studies and Analyses (EDSA) 

Indonesia Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS) 

Japan Institute for International Policy Studies (UPS) 

Institute of International Affairs (JHA) 

Research Institute for Peace and Security (RIPS) 

South Korea College of Social Sciences-Seoul National University 
Korea Institute for Defense Analyses (KIDA) 

Korean Institute of International Studies (KIIS) 

The Sejong Institute 

Research Institute for National Unification (RINU) 

North Korea Institute of Disarmament and Peace (address only) 

Malaysia Institute of Strategic and International Studies (ISIS) 

Mongolia Centre for Strategic Studies of Mongolia (CSS) 

New Zealand New Zealand Institute of International Affairs (NZIIA) 

Pakistan The Institute of Strategic Studies Islamabad (ISSI) 

Institute of International Affairs (PDA) 

Philippines Institute for International and Strategic Studies (IISS) 

Institute for Strategic and Development Studies (ISDS) (address and director) 

Russia Institute of Far Eastern Studies Russian Academy of Sciences (EFES) 

Institute of World Economy and International Relations (IMEMO) 

Centre for International and Strategic Studies (CISS) (address only) 

Singapore The Institute of Policy Studies (IPS) 

Institute of Southeast Asian Studies (ISEAS) 

Singapore Institute of International Affairs (SIIA) 

Sri Lanka Marga Institute 

Thailand Institute of Asian Studies (IAS) 

Institute of Security and International Studies (ISIS) 

UK The International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS) 

Royal Institute of International Affairs (RHA/Chatham House) 

USA Centre for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS) 

East-West Centre (ECW) Hawaii 
Vietnam Centre for Japanese Studies (CJS) 

Institutes to be located 

Chinese People's Institute of Foreign Affairs (CPIFA) 

Centre for Strategic Studies (CSS) New Zealand 
Institute for International Relations (IIR) Vietnam 
Institute of Southeast Asian Studies (ISAS) Vietnam 

Note from the editor 

The information on the institutes mentioned above was found mainly on the Internet. One of the websites which lists quite a 
few strategic institutes (in Japan and world-wide) is that of the Japanese National Institute for Research Advancement (NIRA). 
The NIRA publishes an updated World Directory of Think Tanks (covering much more than only institutes for strategic and 
international studies) every three years (last in 1996). Also, the International Institute for Strategic Studies in London (IISS), 
UK, published a reference work 'World Survey of Strategic Studies Centres' in 1992. This work is currently being updated and 
the revised edition should appear at the end of 1997 or in early 1998. 


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Wendela Haringhuizen 


AUSTRALIA 

Australian Institute of International Affairs (AI1A) 

32 Thesiger Court 

Deakin, ACT 2600 Australia 

tel 61-6-2822133, fax 61-6-2852334 

Executive Officer/s 

Mr. R.H. Searby, President 

Dr. Lesley Jackman, Executive Director 

History/Scope 

Established in 1924, AHA has the objective of stimulating interest in and promoting understanding of international affairs, 
including politics, economics, and international law. It provides a wide range of opportunities for the dissemination of 
information and free expression of views on these matters though discussion and publication. Branches offer lectures, 
workshops and seminars, with local and visiting speakers. 

Areas of Research 

International affairs, Australian foreign policy, Asian studies. 

Geographic Focus 
Asia-Pacific but also world-wide. 

Related Activities 

Asia-Pacific Regional Security Cooperation Project, conferences, forums, visitors programs, seminars, lectures. 

Research Findings 

All accessible: available by subscription. Some recent titles include: 

Brown, Colin, Indonesia (1996) 

Issues in Australian International Relations, An Agenda for the Nineties (1991) 

The Modem Indian Navy and the Indian Ocean (1989) 

Indian Ocean Navies (1990) 

Angel, J.R., Chinese Economies in the Pacific Basin (1988) 

Farran, Changing Directions in the Soviet Union: Perestroika, Glasnost & Australia (1989) 

Cowem, Z., The Press, Freedom & Responsibility (1988) 

Drysdale, Economic Pluralism in the Pacific (1988) 

Staff 

12 (research). 

Chief Researchers 

Professor A. Milner, Chair, Research Committee (Asian history) 

Dr. J.R. Angel OBE, Research Committee (History) 

Dr. R. May, Research Committee (Pacific studies) 

Professor J.D. Legge AC, Research Committee (History) 

Dr. John Ravenhill, Research Committee (Africa, Asia-Pacific) 

Dr. Stephanie Lawson, Research Committee (South Pacific, ethnicity) 

Dr. Graeme Cheeseman 

Professor Joan Beaumont (Diplomatic history, international relations) 

Dr. Cherry Gertzel (Africa, development issues) 

Dr. Russell Trood (Australia, Asia-Pacific) 

Dr. Samina Yasmeen (South Asia, Pakistan) 

Funding Sources 

Rental income from building, government grant, seminars and conferences, membership dues. 

Contract research 


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Budget: $350,000 
Periodicals 

Australian Journal of International Affairs (English, 3/year, sub) 

Australia in World Affairs (English, 5/year, sub) 

Library 

3000 books. Special collections: Esperanto Library (1000 volumes). 

Cooperation 

ABC-CLIO Library, USA (publications exchange), Admin College (publications exchange), Australian Journal of Chinese 
Affairs (publications exchange), Australian National University, (publications exchange), Boston College, USA, (publications 
exchange), Bowker Saur Ltd, England (publications exchange), Canadian Inst, of International Affairs (publications 
exchange), CSIS (publications exchange) 

Branch Offices 

North Queensland, Central Queensland, Queensland, New South Wales, Victoria, Canberra, Tasmania, South Australia, 
Western Australia, Northern Territory. 


BANGLADESH 

Bangladesh Institute of International and Strategic Studies (BUSS) 

1/46 Elephant Road 

Dhaka, 1000 Bangladesh 

tel 880-2-83 2609/41 2693, fax 880-2-83 2625 

telex 64220 PAMA BJ/642222 PAMA BJ 

Executive Officer/s 

Major General Ghulam Quader, Director General 
Barrister A.K.H. Morshed, Chairman, Board of Governors 
Dr. Abdur Rob Khan, Research Director 
Dr. Iftekharuzzaman, Research Director 

History/Scope 

Established in 1978, BUSS is primarily a research organization aimed at conducting, promoting and providing facilities for 
independent research, and dissemination of objective knowledge in the fields of political, socio-economic and other bilateral 
or multilateral relations. The Institute contributes independent inputs and gives its viewpoints on relevant matters, as and when 
required by the Ministries of Defense and Foreign Affairs. It also provides consulting services in the planning, formulation and 
implementation of policies to different government and non-government agencies on international, strategic and development 
issues. The Institute is a forum of discussion for scholars, decision makers, students and members of professional groups, and 
organizes various national and international seminars and conferences. 

Areas of Research 

Economic, political, and social issues, development, security and defense, foreign relations, regional studies, and environment. 
Geographic Focus 

Domestic, worldwide, with a particular interest in South Asia, East and Southeast Asia, Middle East, Europe, North and South 
America. 

Related Activities 

Conferences (domestic, international), seminars, workshops. The Institute offers M. Phil and Ph.D programs. BUSS is the 
Bangladesh chapter of SAARC-Japan Collaborative Regional Study Scheme for Regional Economic Cooperation aimed at 
fostering economic growth in South Asia. 

Research Findings 

All accessible: available by exchange and by subscription. Some recent titles include: 

South Asia's Security (1994) 

Bangladesh; Society, Polity, Economy (1993) 

Challenges of Governance in India (1995) 


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Challenges of Security & Development: A view from Bangladesh 1994) 

Staff 

22, including 19 research and 3 administrative. 

Chief Researchers 

Dr. Abdur Rob Khan, Research Director (security, conflict studies) 

Dr. Iftekharuzzaman, Research Director (South Asian security & politics) 

A.K.M. Abdus Sabur, Senior Research Fellow (East Europe, CIS) 

Humayun Kabir, Senior Research Fellow (South Asia) 

Dr. Shaheen Afroze, Senior Research Fellow (South Asia) 

A.T. Salahuddin Ahmed, Research Fellow (security, interstate relations) 

Shamsur Rahman, Research Fellow (trade, development & environment) 

Funding Sources 

Endowment (national government), contract research, sale of publications 
Contract research (5-10% of revenues) 

Periodicals 

BUSS Journal (English, qrt, ex, sub) 

BUSS Papers (English, bi-ann, ex, sub) 

Bangladesh Foreign Policy Survey (English, qrt, ex, sub) 

Library 

20,000 books; 700 periodicals. 

Cooperation 

Institute of Defense Studies and Analyses (exchanges, seminars), International Institute for Strategic Studies, Institute of 
Strategic Studies, Ocean Institute of Canada (integrated and sustainable management in the Bay of Bengal) (joint research), 
Centre for Policy Research, Institute of Regional Studies, Bangladesh Institute of Development Studies, Beijing Institute of 
International Strategic Studies, Chinese Institute of Contemporary International Research (joint conferences) 


CAMBODIA 

Cambodian Institute for Cooperation and Peace (CICP) 

Rooms 1G, 2G, 6G, Government Palace, Wat Phnom 

PO Box 1007 

Phnom Penh, Cambodia 

tel 855-23-62520, fax 855-23-62520 

Executive Officer/s 

HRH Prince Norodom Sirivudh, Chairman 
H.E. Chhon Keat, Co-Vice Chairman 
H.E. Huot Ung, Co-Vice Chairman 
Kim Houm Kao, Executive Director 

History/Scope 

Established in 1994, the overall goal of the Institute is to promote international understanding, cooperation and peace as a 
prerequisite for social and economic development in Cambodia. In particular, the Institute seeks to: 1) promote a regional 
Southeast Asian dialogue and exchange on political, economic and social policies in order to strengthen and improve 
cooperation and understanding; 2) promote dialogue and exchange between institutions in the region and other parts of the 
world through networking; and 3) concern itself with Cambodian development and security issues. These goals are pursued 
through the following activities: 1) conferences and seminars; 2) provision of a neutral public forum for open debate and 
discussion through lecture series and roundtables; 3) policy studies and research; 4) the encouragement 
and support of local research initiatives; 5) the conduct of educational and training programs; and 6) fostering and 
development of a network of relationships with other institutions in the region and beyond. 

Areas of Research 

Economic, political, and social issues, development, foreign relations, and regional studies. 


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Geographic Focus 

Cambodia and its neighboring countries. 

Related Activities 

Major conferences (domestic, international), symposia and seminars, newspaper editorials and feature articles, press 
conferences and briefings, press releases, participation in radio and television programs, public lectures, and leadership 
training programs. 


CHINA 

China Centre for International Studies (CCIS) 

P.O.Box 1744, 22 Xi An Men Dajie 

Beijing, 100017 China 

tel 86-10-309 7083, fax 86-10-309 5802 

Executive Officer/s 
Li Luye, Director-General 
Zhan Shiliang, Deputy Director-General 
Shi Chunlai, Deputy Director-General 
Cheng Ruisheng, Deputy Director-General 

History/Scope 

Established in 1982, the China Centre for International Studies, formerly known as the Center for International Studies of the 
State Council, is a research and consulting institution on international affairs and foreign policy matters. It engages mainly in 
research on major current political, economic, and security issues and in the integrated study of the medium- and long-term 
world situation and international strategies. It provides government departments with advice on the basis of its research 
findings. CCIS has maintained close cooperative and coordinative relationships with other international studies institutes at 
home, and established extensive links and academic exchanges with foreign counterparts. 

Areas of Research 

Economic and political issues, security and defense, foreign relations, and regional studies. 

Geographic Focus 

International, with a particular interest in ASEAN, the Asia-Pacific region, and the countries of the US and Japan. 

Related Activities 

Major conferences (domestic, international), symposia and seminars, participation in radio and television programs, and 
briefings and presentations for government and industry organizations. 

Staff 

34, including 21 research and 13 administrative. 

Chief Researchers 

Professor Wan Guang, Chief (international politics) 

Guo Zhenyuan, Deputy Chief (strategy and security) 

Professor Chen Dezhao, Deputy Chief (international economy) 

Professor Wu Renzhang (Russia) 

Dr. Sun Chen (Japanese studies) 

Dr. Liu Xuechen (South Asia) 

Dr. Xu Jian (strategy and security) 

Funding Sources 

National government 

We do not accept contract research. 

Periodicals 

CCIS International Review (English, free) 


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China Institute for International Strategic Studies (CUSS) 

No. 6, Hua Yan Bei Li, Xiao Guan Road 
PO Box 9812 

Chao Yang District, Beijing 100029 China 
tel 86-10-2016943, fax 86-10-2021048 
telex 222618 Dong CN 

Executive Officer/s 

Yu Huadong, Chief Executive Officer/s 
History/Scope 

Established in 1979, the CUSS is a non-governmental academic organization engaged in international strategic studies. 
Formerly known as the Beijing Institute for International Strategic Studies, the Institute changed its name in 1992. Its first 
chairman was General Wu Xiuquan, the former Deputy Chief of the General Staff of the PLA. The aim of the Institute is to 
study the international strategic situation, international security, world political and economic as well as regional issues, 
establish contacts and academic exchanges with relevant international strategic research institutions, academic organizations 
and public figures at home and abroad. CIISS offers consultancy and policy advice and undertakes the task of preparing 
research papers for relevant departments of the Chinese government, the army and other institutions and enterprises in the 
interest of national security, economic development, international security, world peace and development. 

Areas of Research 

Political issues, security and defense, foreign relations, and regional studies. 

Geographic Focus 

Worldwide, particularly the Asia-Pacific region. 

Related Activities 

Major conferences (domestic, international), symposia and seminars, newspaper editorials and feature articles, and briefings 
and presentations for government and industry organizations. 

Funding Sources 

National government, domestic foundation/s, consultancy work 
Periodicals 

International Strategic Studies (Chinese/English, qtr, ex) 

China Institute of Contemporary International Relations (CICIR) 

A-2 Wanshousi, Haidian District 

Beijing, 100081 China 

tel 86-10-841 8640, fax 86-10-841 8641 

Executive Officer/s 
Shen Qurong, President 
Xu Dan, Vice-President 
Lu Zhongwei, Vice-President 
Song Baoxian, Vice-President 

History/Scope 

Established in 1980, the China Institute of Contemporary International Relations is a center for comprehensive international 
studies. 

Areas of Research 

Economic, political and social issues, development, security and defense, foreign relations, and regional studies. The Institute 
has a wide-ranging program of research focussing on current international developments and changes. It includes global 
strategic patterns, trends in world politics and economics, and issues of world peace and development, as well as regional and 
national issues. 

Geographic Focus 
International. 


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Related Activities 

Major conferences (domestic, international), symposia, seminars participation in radio or televsion programs. 
Staff 

439, including 340 research and 99 administrative. 

Chief Researchers 

Zhou Yong, Director (General Office) 

Liu Shufen, Director (Graduate Division) 

Cao Xilong, Director (Division for International Exchanges) 

Li Chuifa, Director (Division for East European and Central Asian Studies) 

Cui Liru, Director (Division for North American Studies) 

Liu Hairu, Director (Division for West European Studies) 

Lui Jiangyong, Director (Division for Northeast Asian Studies) 

Ding Kuisong, Director (Division for South and Southeast Asian Studies) 

Liu Yueming, Director (Division for West Asian and Africa Studies) 

Wang Xinlu, Director (Division for Latin American Studies) 

Li Zhongcheng, Director (Division for World Politics) 

Zhou Rongkun, Director (Division for World Economics) 

Zhang Buren, Director (Division for World Changes) 

Ke Yongzhen, Director (Division for World Personages) 

Qin Xingda, Director (Division for International Societal Developments) 

Wang Yulin, Director (China and the World Division) 

Funding Sources 
National government 
Contract research accepted. 

Periodicals 

Contemporary International Relations (Chinese/English, mo, ex, sub) 

Library 

250,000 books, 1,000 periodicals. 


The Institute maintains academic contacts with research institutions in all major countries and areas of the world. George 
Washington University, The Washington Institute, Russian Institute of Far Eastern Studies, Indian Institute of Defense Studies 
and Analyses, ASEAN Institute for International and Strategic Studies, Forum on International Relations, The Yomuri 
Shimbun, Asian Forum (Japan), The Sejong Institute, The Korean Institute of International Studies, Institute for National 
Unification (Seoul) (joint conferences) 

China Institute of International Studies (CIIS) 

3 Toutiao Taijichang 

Beijing 

China 100005 

Tel: 86-10-6513 1421, Fax: 86-10-6523 5135 
Executive Officer/s 

President: Ambassador YANG Chengxu 

Also Chair of the China National Committee for Pacific Economic Cooperation (CNCPEC) 

History/Scope 
Established in 1956. 

Areas of Research 
International developments. 

Geographic Focus 

International, with a particular interest in China, the United States, and Japan. 


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Related Activities 

Annual seminar on international developments with Japan Institute of International Studies, 3-4 occasional workshops with 
institutes of foreign countries. 

Research Findings 

All accessible, in CHS papers. 

Staff 

145, including 5 staff members, 90 full time research, 20 part-time research and 30 support staff. 

Funding Sources 
Government 100 % 

Periodicals 

International studies (Chinese, qrt, ex) 

CIIS Papers 

Library 

Over 200.000 titles; 400 periodical titles 
Cooperation 

Japan Institute for International Affairs 

Shanghai Institute for International Studies (SIIS) 

No.l, Lane 845, Julu Road 

Shanghai, 200040 China 

tel 86-21-6247 1148, fax 86-21-6247 2272 

Executive Officer/s 
Chen Peiyao, President 
Zhu Majie, Vice-President 

History/Scope 

Established in 1960, the Institute is devoted to research on current international affairs, with emphasis on the study of new 
developments and changes in international politics and strategies, world economy and social progress. It presents monographs, 
analytical views, and policy-oriented proposals to government departments and institutions. In recent years, priority has been 
given to research on the politics and economy of the Asian-Pacific region. 

Areas of Research 

Economic and political issues, security and defense, foreign relations, and regional studies. The Institute's research program 
for the eighth five-year period (1991-95) is as follows: Asia-Pacific economic cooperation and China's foreign economic 
relations; current Islamic movements; US foreign policy; economics and trade in Sino-US relations; impact of structural 
adjustment in the Japanese economy on neighboring countries; impact of Japan's political power on East Asia; post-Cold War 
relations between China and Southeast Asia; maritime rights and interests and Asia-Pacific security; Russian foreign policy; 
political, social and economic development processes in the unified Germany; India's relations with its neighboring countries; 
post-Gulf War Middle East political patterns; comparative research on modernization of big cities in the world; international 
environment of building socialism with China's own characteristics; and the UN's role in the transitional world pattern. 

Geographic Focus 

International, with a particular interest in Asia-Pacific, Europe, the United States, and Japan. 

Related Activities 

Major conferences (domestic, international), symposia and seminars, newspaper feature articles, participation in radio or 
television programs (produced in-house), and public lectures. 

Research Findings 

All accessible. Some recent titles include: 

Post-Cold War United States. 

Development of Contemporary Capitalism in West Europe. 

A Survey of Southeast Asia. 


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UN in the International Situation. 

New Ideas and Concepts in Sino-American Relations. 

A New Phase of Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation and Sino-Japanese Relations. 
Relations Between China and South Asian Countries in the 1990s. 

New Version of the United Nations. 

Staff 

106, including 80 research and 26 administrative. 

Chief Researchers 

Li Chuwen, Honourable President 

Liang Yufan, Honourable President 

Chen Peiyao, President (international strategy) 

Zhu Majie, Vice-President 

Ding Xinghao, Director (American Studies) 

Wu Jinan, Director (Japanese Studies) 

Dong Bainan, Director (European Studies) 

Tian Zhongging, Deputy Director (Asia-Pacific Studies) 

Zhang Zuqian, Director (comprehensive studies) 

Guo Longlong, Director (international relations) 

Funding Sources 
Local government 
Periodicals 

Survey of International Affairs (Chinese, ann, ex, sub) 

World Outlook (Chinese, bi-mo, ex, sub) 

SIIS Journal (English, ex) 

International Review (Chinese, qrt, ex) 

Library 

50,000 books, 550 periodicals (including newspapers). 


TAIWAN 

Institute of International Relations (HR), National Chengchi University 
64 Wan Shou Road 

Wenshan, Taipei, 11625 China (Taiwan) 
tel 886-2-939 4914, fax 886-2-234 4919 

Executive Officer/s 
Yu-ming Shaw, Director 

History/Scope 

Established in 1953, the Institute is the largest research center for international relations and mainland Chinese affairs in 
Taiwan. It was first established under the name of the Association of International Relations with the major purpose of 
providing information on international and mainland Chinese affairs for the reference of government policy-makers. As it 
gradually moved toward broader international contacts and exchange, its name was changed in 1961 to its present form. Over 
the next few years, the HR continued its steady expansion. Since 1975, it has been formally affiliated with National Chengchi 
University, through which it receives funding. The main work of the HR, naturally, is research on international and Chinese 
affairs. Research Fellows belongs to one of four research groups: International Affairs; International Affairs in the Asia-Pacific 
region; Political, Legal, Diplomatic and Military Issues in Mainland China; Social, Economic, Cultural and Ethnic issues in 
Mainland China. 

Areas of Research 

Economic, political and social issues, security and defence, and foreign relations. 


Geographic Focus 

Domestic and international, with a particular focus on ASEAN, Oceania and the Pacific Rim countries. 


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Related Activities 

Major conferences (international), symposia and seminars. 

Staff 188, including 108 research and 80 administrative. 

Chief Researchers 

Milton Yeh, Research Fellow (mainland Chinese affairs) 

Chun-chuan Shen, Research Fellow (International affairs) 

Ying-hsien Pi, Research Fellow (Russian studies) 

Ricky Tung, Research Fellow 

Funding Sources 
University, national government 
Contract research accepted. 

Periodicals 

Issues & Studies (Chinese, English, Japanese, mo, ex, sub) 

Issues & Studies (French, Spanish, qrt, ex, sub) 

Mainland China Studies (Chinese, mo, ex, sub) 

America and Europe Monthly (Chinese, mo, ex, sub) 

Library 

100,000 books, 985 periodicals. 

Cooperation 

Japanese Association for Mainland China Studies, University of Virginia, George Washington University, Ohio State 
University, Stanford University, University of California at Berkeley, University of South Carolina, Center for Strategic and 
International Studies (USA), Asia Open Forum (Japan), The Saar University, University of Leiden, Oxford University, 
University of London, University of Geneva, Centre de Recherches et de Documentation sur la Chine Contemporaine (France) 
(joint conferences), Seoul Forum for International Affairs (joint forum) 


INDIA 

Institute for Defense Studies and Analyses (IDSA) 

Sapru House, Barakhamba Road 

New Delhi, 110001 India 

tel 91-11-331 7189/4951, fax 91-11-332 1851 

Executive Officer/s 

Jasjit Singh, Director 

History/Scope 

Established in 1965, IDSA initiates studies, discussions, and research on problems of national security and the impact of 
defense measures on economic, political, and social spheres. It also has the following goals: 1) to promote the study and 
discussion of defence and strategic issues; 2) to build up a body of trained personnel to undertake such studies; 3) to publish 
the activities of the Institute and contributions to constructive thought in the field of defense studies and analyses; and 4) to 
establish and maintain a general and reference library and reading room with a collection of relevant publications. 

Areas of Research 

Security and defence, foreign relations and regional studies. 

The main areas of research are: small arms proliferation; disarmament issues; defence expenditure; nuclear proliferation; 
terrorism; UN peacekeeping operations; and low intensity conflict. 

Geographic Focus 

International, with a particular focus on SAARC, ASEAN and APEC, and the countries of China, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Russia, 
USA, Japan and Iran. 

Related Activities 

Major conferences (domestic, international), symposia and seminars, newspaper editorials and feature articles, press 


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conferences and briefings, press releases, participation in radio and television programs, briefings and presentations for 
government, opposition, political and industry organizations, and public lectures. 

Research Findings 

All accessible: available by exchange and by subscription. Some recent titles include: 

Defence and development. 

Conventional arms transfers. 

Security of Third World countries. 

Maritime security. 

Sea power and Indian security. 

Economy and national security. 

The future of NPT. 

Post-Cold War Pacific-Asia security-Indian perceptions and options. 

Trends in India's defence expenditure. 

Staff 

76, including 35 research and 41 administrative. 

Chief Researchers 

Jasjit Singh, Director (International security) 

Maj. Gen D. Baneijee, Deputy Director (International security) 

Maj. Gen Ashok Krishna (Retd), Senior Fellow (Low intensity conflict & land warfare) 

Rear Adm K.R. Menon (Retd), Senior Fellow (Maritime Studies) 

Air Cmder P.S. Dikshit, Sr. Fellow (Small arms proliferation) 

Dr. R.R. Subramanian, Sr. Fellow (Nuclear Issues) 

T. Sreedhar Rao, Sr. Fellow (West Asia) 

Dr. P.B. Sinha, Research Associate (Terrorism) 

Dr. O.N. Mehrotra, Research Associate (Europe) 

Sujit Datta, Research Associate (China) 

Aabha Dixit, Research Associate (Pakistan) 

P. Stobdan, Research Officer (Central Asia, China) 

Dr. C. Mahapatra, Research Officer (America) 

Dr. Savita Pande, Research Officer (Nuclear issues) 

Dr. G. V.C. Naidu, Research Officer (Southeast Asia) 

Ruchita Beri, Research Officer (Missile proliferation) 

Tara Kartha, Research Officer (Europe) 

Sanjana Joshi, Research Officer (Japan) 

Swaran Singh, Research Officer (America) 

Funding Sources 

National government 

Budget: Rupees 12,200,000 (approx.) 

Periodicals 

Delhi papers (English, qrt, ex, sub) 

Strategic Analysis (English/Hindi, mo, ex, sub) 

Strategic Digest (English, mo, ex, sub) 

News Reviews (in six parts) (English, mo, ex, sub) 

Library 

37,000 books, 334 periodicals. 

Cooperation 

Indian universities and defence service institutions; research organizations in other countries (joint research), Bilateral 
seminars with Institutes of other countries; conferences with other domestic research institutions. 

Affiliation: Associate member of CSCAP. 

Databases 

Info Alert (current information); weekly print-outs 
Defence & Disarmament; computerised 


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INDONESIA 

Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS) 

Jalan Tanah Abang III/23-27, 

Jakarta 10160, Indonesia 

tel 62-21-386532, fax 62-21-375317 

Executive Officer/s 
Daoed Joesoef, Chairman 
Hadi Soesastro, Executive Director 
Clare Joewono, Assistant Director 

History/Scope 

Established in 1971, the Institute's main activity is to undertake policy-oriented studies on both domestic and international 
affairs, in collaboration with industry, commerce, and the political, legal and journalistic communities. 

Areas of Research 

Research programs include the following: (1) intra-ASEAN economic co-operation, including the impact of the ASEAN free 
trade area (AFTA); (2) the political economy of deregulation and liberalization in Indonesia; (3) the future direction of the 
Pacific economic co-operation, with reference to the role of Indonesia; (4) human resources development issues in Indonesia, 
including educational reform; (5) labour issues, focusing on light manufacturing and 'foot-loose' enterprises; (6) the 
implications of the changed global environment for Indonesian foreign policy; (7) perceptions of Indonesian regional policies 
in other ASEAN states: (8) new strategic thinking by the major Asian powers (China, Japan, and India). 

Geographic Focus 
Domestic and international. 

Related Activities 

Major conferences (domestic, international). 

Periodicals 

The Indonesian Quarterly (English, qrt) 

Analisis CSIS (Indonesian, 6/yr) 

Library 
25,000 books. 


JAPAN 

Institute for International Policy Studies (UPS) 

Sekai Heiwa Kenkyusho 
Sumitomo Hanzomon Bldg., 7F, 

3-16 Hayabusa-cho, Chiyoda-ku 
Tokyo 102 Japan 

tel 81-3-3222 0711, fax 81-3-3222 0710 

Executive Officer/s 

Yasuhiro Nakasone, Chairman 

Yoshio Okawara, President and Executive Director 

Isao Yonekura, Deputy Chairman (Acting Chairman) 

Shoichi Akazawa, Deputy Chairman 
Yukitsugu Nakagawa, Deputy Chairman 
Toshikuni Yahiro, Honorary Adviser 
Kiichi Saeki, Executive Advisor 

History/Scope 

Established in 1988 by former Prime Minister Yasuhiro Nakasone, the Institute for International Policy Studies is an 


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independent, non-profit institution for research and study, international exchange, and other activities which contribute to a 
more peaceful world. IIPS, both alone and in cooperation with domestic and worldwide research organizations, examines 
critical issues that face the world and Japan from an independent standpoint and with a global perspective. The Institute’s 
comprehensive approach includes politics, economics, security, and the environment. It then proposes policies to address 
present and future global trends. 

Areas of Research 

Research themes for the year beginning June 1994: US-Japan relations under the Clinton Administration; Export Control 
Policies in the 90s; Perspectives on the Nations of East Asia; New Roles for the United Nations; Japan's Defense Policies in 
the Post-Cold War Era; the Future of the Former USSR and Eastern Europe; Europe after Maastricht; Non-Military Solutions 
to Instability; Energy and the Environment; and Comprehensive Strategic Research. 

Geographic Focus 
International. 

Related Activities 

2-3 symposia annually, 3-4 joint conferences annually. 

Research Findings 

Most accessible: available free and by subscription. Some recent titles include: 

Nakasone Reflections on Japan's Past and the Need for a Third Opening (1995) 

Imai Fifty Years After Hiroshima (1995) 

Shikata Japan's Security Strategy (1995) 

Yamamoto Assessing Japan's Security Risks (1995) 

Kanayama Expectations and Reality: The Economic & Political Transition of Vietnam & Myanmar (1994) 
Fukuda/Inouchi/Ueda Rethinking the World Economic System (1995) 

Utagawa Between Hell & Heaven: Japanese Policies in Transition (1994) 

Akazawa A Comprehensive Strategy for Japan (1994) 

Imai The Many Phases of Nuclear Energy (1994) 

Imai Nuclear Arms Control in the Post Cold War Era (1994) 

Staff 

36, including 23 research and 13 administrative. 

Chief Researchers 

Seizaburo Sato, Research Director (politics) 

Ryukichi Imai, Distinguished Research Fellow (nuclear studies, UN) 

Shinzo Kobori, Distinguished Research Fellow (economy) 

Funding Sources 

Interest, member contributions. 

Contract research (less than 25% of revenue) 

Budget: 500 million Yen 
Assets: 4.5 billion Yen 

Periodicals 

IIPS News Letter (English/Japanese, qrt, free) 

Asia-Pacific Review (English, 2/yr) 

IIPS Report (English/Japanese, 10/yr) 

Kojimachi Report (Japanese, 12/yr) 

Sanken Report/Senpaku Report (Japanese, 5-6/yr) 

Library 

1,000 books; 500 periodicals. 

Cooperation 

Center for Strategic and International Studies, Royal Institute of International Affairs (RIIA), Center for Science and 
International Affairs (CSIA, Harvard), Chinese People's Institute of Foreign Affairs (CPIFA) (joint symposia and conferences) 
Center for International Studies Kukje munje yeonguso 


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Japan Institute of International Affairs (JIIA) 

1 IF, Kasumigaseki Building 
3-2-5 Kasumigaseki, Chiyodaku 
Tokyo 100 
Japan 

Tel: 81-3-3503 7744, 81-3-3503 7758 (Triple-T) 

Fax: 81-3-3503 6707 

Executive Officer/s 
Professor Tsutomu Kikuchi 

Also Coordinator of the Task Force on Pacific Island Nations (Jancpec) 

History/Scope 

Established in September 1959. 

Areas of Research (1992) 

Domestic politics and foreign policy in Russia; domestic politics and foreign policy in the US; order and development in the 
Asia-Pacific. 

Geographic Focus 
International. 

Related Activities 

Sino-Japanese symposium on international affairs (since 1985 every aurtumn); Japan-South Korea symposium on international 
affairs (since 1986); Japan-ASEAN conference (every two years, since 1987); twenty occasional workshops per annum; 
corporate meeting for Japanese foreign policy. 

Research Findings 

2-3 books per annum, 3-4 monographs per annum. 

Staff(1992) 

46, including 11 staff, 16 research and 19 administrative. 

Funding Sources 

Government 61%, membership 14%, contract research 9%, publications 9%, endowment 5%, other 2%. 

Budget (1992) $3,703,704 

Periodicals 

The Japan Review of International Affairs (English, 2/yr) 

JIIA Newsletter (Japanese, monthly) 

Pacific Cooperation Newsletter (English, occasional) 

Library 

20,000 titles; press files. 

Cooperation 

Royal Institute of International Affairs (RIIA) UK, CHS China; and other major institutes world- wide; in addition the JIIA has 
very close ties with institutes in the ASEAN countries. 

Research Institute for Peace and Security (RIPS) 

(Katsuichi Tsukamoto) 

Roppongi Denki Building 7F 
6-1-20 Roppongi 
Minato-ku Tokyo 106 
Japan 

phone: (81-3) 3401-2230 fax: (81-3) 3478-3105 
Executive Officer/s 

In 1992: Dr Masamichi Inoki, Chairman 
History/Scope 


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Established in October 1978. 

Areas of Research 

Asian security; Indochina; regional approach to confidence and security building in the Far East, naval arms control and 
mutual reduction; threats facing Japan in the future; joint Asian security study with Chinese institutes. 

Geographic Focus 
International. 

Related Activities 

Semi-annual conference on Japanese security; each main research programme organises a workshop, lectures and seminars by 
specialists from abroad. 

Research Findings 

One book per annum, two monographs per annum. 

Staff (in 1992) 

26, including 6 staff, 3 research, 14 outside research and 3 administrative. 

Chief Researchers 

In 1992: Masataka Kosaka, Research Director 

Funding Sources 
Membership 100% 

Budget: $770,000 

Periodicals 

RIPS Letter (10 per annum) 

Asian Security 


SOUTH KOREA 

College of Social Sciences Seoul National University 

San 56-1, Shinrim-dong, Kwanak-gu 

Seoul, 151-742 Republic of Korea 

tel 82-2-880 6310/6311, fax 82-2-872 4115 

Executive Officer/s 
Young-Sun Ha, Director 
Yong-Chool Ha, Research Coordinator 
Jung-Woon Choi, Head, Library and Data Collection 

History/Scope 

Established in 1972, the Center for International Studies is the first major research institution in the field of international 
relations at Seoul National University. A university-wide structural reorganization three years later reconfirmed the Center's 
status as the primary research center in international studies at the University. At present, the Center, affiliated with the 
University’s College of Social Sciences, renders valuable services to the intellectual community of the nation as well as the 
University, conducting diverse and interdisciplinary research activities in such areas as international political economies, 
foreign policies, strategic and security issues, arms control, and the problems of national unification. 

Areas of Research 

Economic and political issues, communications and information, security and defence, foreign relations, regional studies. In 
recent years, the Center has placed special emphasis on three issue-areas: peace, arms control and disarmament in the Korean 
peninsula; Korea's growing ties with former socialist countries; and the emerging political and economic regional order in 
post-cold war Asia. 

Geographic Focus 
Northeast Asia, Asia-Pacific. 

Related Activities 


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Major conferences (domestic, international), symposia and seminars. 

Research Findings 

Most accessible: available by exchange. Some recent titles include: 

The ethics of Nuclear Weapons(1995) 

The reappraisal of Korean War (1994) 

The political economy of Japan's FDI in Southeast Asia (1993) 

Globalization of Japanese economy(1992) 

M. Foucalt on war and peace (1994) 

Korea's foreign policy toward former Socialist countries (1991) 

Staff 

23, including 17 research (9 resident, 8 visiting) and 6 administrative. 

Chief Researchers 

Young-Sun Ha, Director (International relations) 

Yong-Chool Ha, Research Coordinator (International relations) 

Young-Kwan Yoon, Research Associate (International relations) 

Jung-Woon Choi, Research Associate (International relations) 

Sangsop Park, Research Associate (International relations) 

Jung-Dong Yeo, Research Associate (International relations) 

Wookhee Shin, Research Associate (International relations) 

Yong Koo Kim, Research Associate (International relations) 

Funding Sources 

Domestic foundation (private), university subsidy. 

Contract research (40% of revenues) 

Budget: US$45,000 
Assets: US$110,000 

Periodicals 

Journal of International Studies (Korean, ann, free) 

Library 

2,000 books; 81 periodicals. 

Cooperation 

Institute of Social Science, Seoul National University; Center for Area Studies, Seoul National University (joint research), 
Affiliation: AccessAsia (National Bureau of Asian Research, USA) 

Korea Institute for Defense Analyses (KIDA) 

Han-gug Gug-bbang Yeon-gu-weon 
Cheonryang, PO Box 250, Dongdaemon-gu 
Seoul 135-650, Korea 
tel 82-2-961 1652, fax 82-2-965 3295 
E-mail: drr464a@chollian.dacom.co.kr 

Executive Officer/s 
Jae-Hwa Park, President 

History/Scope 

Established in 1979 on the initiative of the Ministry of National Defense, the Korea Institute for Defense Analysis is devoted 
to research on strategic environment, security policy, national defense strategy, force development, defense economy, weapon 
systems acquisition policy, arms control, and defense automation. 

Areas of Research 

Science and technology, communications and information, security and defense, foreign relations, and regional studies. 

Geographic Focus 
International, Korean peninsula. 


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Related Activities 

Major conferences (domestic, international), symposia and seminars, briefings and presentations for government, opposition, 
political and industrial organizations, and training programs (wargaming). 

Staff 

270, including 150 research and 120 administrative. Some visiting researchers (less than 10). 

Chief Researchers 

Young-Ghil Lee, Director, Policy Planning 
Hong-Ki Chang, Director, Force Development 
Kyoung-Jo Oh, Director, Manpower Management 
Jong-Moon Kim, Director, Resource Management 
Jae-Moon Yoo, Director, Center for Weapon System Studies 
Kyoung-Soo Kim, Director, Arms Control Research Center 

Funding Sources 
National government 
Contract research accepted. 

Budget: US $19 million 

Periodicals 

Korea Journal of Defense Analysis (English, bi-ann) 

Library 

100,000 books, 763 periodicals. 

Cooperation 

Rand, Concepts Analysis Agency (joint research), US Institute for National Strategic Studies (NDU), US Center for Naval 
Analysis, US AMSAA (joint conferences), KIDA holds regular, biennial, joint conferences/fora/seminars with the Research 
Institute for Peace and Security of Japan, the US Office of the Deputy Undersecretary of the Army for Operations Research 
(ODUSA), Army Material Systems Activity of the USA, and DGA France. KIDA also has a Foreign Scholars Lecture program 
and an International Researcher Exchange Program (IREP). France DGA, Japan RIPS, Canada Department of Foreign Affairs, 
China (other), Affiliation: IISS 

Korean Institute of International Studies (KIIS) 

4F Daewoo Namsan Bldg., Namdaemun-ro, 5-KS Choong-ku 
Seoul, 100-095 Korea 

tel 82-2-752 7727/8, 755-7728, fax 82-2-752 7710/07 
telex KITSEL K29271-2 NO. 1579 

Executive Officer/s 
Chong-ki Choi, President 

Kyu-Taik Kim, Member of the Board of Directors 
Duk-Choong Kim, Director 
Kyongsoo Lho, Director of Studies 

History/Scope 

Established in 1965, KIIS serves as a center for research and scholarship and provides a forum where scholars can express and 
exchange ideas on contemporary issues of international relations. The Institute's primary activities include publication of a 
quarterly journal of international affairs, organization and hosting of international seminars and conferences, publication of 
working papers and maintenance of research facilities for the use of both resident and visiting scholars. 

Areas of Research 

Economic and political issues, development, security and defense, foreign relations, regional studies, resources and energy, 
and environment. Research programs include: 1) Korea-United States relations; 2) Korea-Japan relations & Japan's post-Cold 
War role in the Asia-Pacific region; 3) international security and arms control; 4) East Asian regional politics; 5) 
environmental issues, particularly in the Far East; and 6) the role of China and Russia on the Korean peninsula. 

Geographic Focus 

Domestic and international, with a particular interest in ASEAN, the former East Block, and the countries of Russia, China, 


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and North Korea. 

Related Activities 

Major conferences (domestic, international), symposia and seminars, participation in radio and television programs (produced 
in-house), briefings and presentations for government, opposition, political and industry organizations, and public lectures. 

Research Findings 

Most accessible: available by exchange. Some recent titles include: 

North Korea's Nuclear Ambitions and the Current Nuclear Non-Proliferation Regime (1994) 

Political Modernization in Southeast Asia (1994) 

Changing Patterns of Membership in International Institutions (1994) 

Problems and Modalities of Sino-Korean Economic Cooperation (1994) 

Political Economy of Structural Adjustment (1995) 

Non-Offensive Defense and the Korean Peninsula(1995) 

International Technology Transfer to the Third World with Emphasis on GCC (1995) 

Staff 

22, including 16 research (10 resident, 6 visiting) and 6 administrative. 

Chief Researchers 

Professor Kyu-Taik Kim, Senior Fellow (political science) 

Professor Duk-Choong Kim, Senior Fellow (economics) 

Professor Myong-Sik Lee, Senior Fellow (Russian affairs) 

Professor Kyung-Kun Han, Senior Fellow (African affairs) 

Professor Chung-Kil Chung, Senior Fellow (decision-making) 

Professor Youngnok Koo, Senior Fellow (American studies) 

Professor Young-suk Ohm, Senior Fellow (international economics) 

Professor In-Young Chung, Senior Fellow (North Korean studies) 

Professor Kyoung-soo Lhu, Senior Fellow (foreign policy) 

Dr. Jun-Won Suh, Senior Fellow (European studies) 

Funding Sources 

Domestic foundation/s, donations (corporate, private) 

Contract research (20% of revenues) 

Budget: US$ 300,000 

Periodicals 

The Korean Journal of International Studies (English, qtr, ex, sub) 

Library 

8,000 books; 300 periodicals. 

Cooperation 

Institute of World Economy and International Relations (Russia), Institute of USA and Canada Studies (Russia), the China 
Institute of Contemporary International Relations, Shanghai Institute of International Studies, Vietnam Institute of 
International Relations (joint conferences) 

The Sejong Institute 

Sejong Yon-ku-so 

230 Shiheung-dong, Sujong-gu 

Sungnam-shi, Kyonggi-do, 461-370 South Korea 

tel 82-2-233 9351, fax 82-2-233 8832 

telex SEJONG K32998 

Executive Officer/s 
Bae Ho Hahn, President 

Chang Kewn Suh, Dean of Research Coordination 
History/Scope 

Established in 1986, The Sejong Institute is an independent, non-profit organization devoted to research on Korea's 


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international and domestic affairs. In response to the aftermath of the tragedy of the Rangoon Incident, the Institute's founders 
envisioned the establishment of a research institute dedicated to studying policies conducive to promoting peace in the Korean 
peninsula. Responding to the demands of Korea's growing presence in the world community and to the challenges of 
globalization, the Institute has since broadened its research goals to go beyond matters affecting the Korean peninsula alone. 
Originally known as the Ilhae Foundation, the organization was renamed the Sejong Institute in May 1988. As a fully 
self-fmanced private think tank, the Sejong Institute prides itself on its autonomy. Supported by funds drawn entirely from the 
Institute's own endowment, the research staff is unique among Korea's major research organizations for its ability to make 
independent and objective assessments of government policies and other issues involving Korea's security and welfare. 

Areas of Research 

Economic, political, and social issues, security and defense, foreign relations, and regional studies. 

The Institute's research programs are conducted largely on a project-oriented basis, with an emphasis on articulating key issues 
which are likely to impact upon the conduct of Korea's domestic and foreign policies. The Institute divides its research into 4 
main programs: 1) the Area Studies Program; basic research as well as policy alternatives related to the evolution of domestic 
and foreign policies of key countries in the Asia-Pacific region, and the cumulative impact of those policies on Korea; 2) the 
Foreign Policy and Security Studies Program; global and regional security environment, national force structures, regional 
confidence building measures and arms control, and implications for Korea's foreign and security policies; 3) the International 
Political Economy Studies Program; global and regional economic trends, trade conflicts, multilateral trade negotiations, 
regional economic integration and cooperation, and Korea's longer-term development strategy; and 4) the Inter-Korean Studies 
Program; domestic affairs and unification policies of both South and North Korea, issues related to inter-Korean relations, and 
the international environment surrounding the Korean peninsula. 

Geographic Focus 

Domestic, international with a particular interest in Japan, China, Russia, and the U.S. 

Related Activities 

Major conferences (domestic, international), symposia and seminars. The Institute has an Academic Exchange Program which 
promotes extended on-site research through exchange of personnel with institutions at home and abroad. 

Research Findings 

All accessible: available by subscription. Some recent titles include: 

Korea's Economic Diplomacy (1995) 

The Tumen River Area Development Project (1994) 

Doug Joong Kim (ed) Foreign Relations of North Korea During Kim II Sung's Last Days (1994) 

Kim/Lee (eds) Korea and China in a New World (1993) 

Sea Power and Korea in the 21st Century (1993) 

Lee/Lee (eds) Strategic Trends in Northeast Asia at Century's End (1993) 

Chung/Chung (eds) Russia in the Far East and Pacific Region (1993) 

Han-ku Chung Changes in Russia's Foreign Policy (Korean, 1994) 

Jong-Seok Lee The Future of Kim Jong II Regime (Korean, 1994) 

Un Chul Yang Korea's Role in the New Pacific Community (Korean, 1993) 

Choon Kun Lee North Korea's Nuclear Development (Korean, 1993) 

Hong Pyo Lee Open Regionalism and Northeast Asian Economic Cooperation (1993) 

Staff 

99, including 36 research (24 resident, 12 visiting) and 63 administrative. 

Chief Researchers 

Chang Jae Baik, Dr. (international trade and US trade policy) 

Eun Sook Chung, Dr. (Russian politics and foreign policy) 

Han Ku Chung, Dr. (Russian studies) 

Jin Young Chung, Dr. (international political economy, third world development) 

Tae Joon Han, Dr. (macroeconomics and public economics, defense economics) 

In Taek Hyun, Dr. (international security studies) 

Doug Joong Kim, Dr. (North and South Korean relations) 

Hyun Dong Kim, Dr. (international political economy) 

Jae Cheol Kim, Dr. (Chinese politics, international relations) 

Ki Soo Kim, Dr. (international political economy, international trade) 

Tae Hyun Kim, Dr. (international economic policy) 

Choon Kun Lee, Dr. (military and security affairs) 

Hong Pyo Lee, Dr. (Chinese politics, foreign economic relations) 


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Jong Seok Lee, Dr. (comparative politics, North Korea) 

Myon Woo Lee, Dr. (Japanese politics and policy-making) 

Sook Jong Lee, Dr. (industrial organization of Japan, sociology of development, industrial sociology) 

Seok Jin Lew, Dr. (international political economy, comparative politics) 

Hak Soon Paik, Dr. (North Korean politics, comparative politics, international relations) 

Kie Duck Park, Dr. (comparative politics, Korean politics, political economy) 

Chang Kewn Suh, J.D. (international law, international trade, international business transactions and antitrust laws, Chinese 
and Russian laws) 

Un Chul Yang, Dr. (applied macroeconomics, political economy) 

Funding Sources: 

Private endowment 

We do not accept contract research. 

Budget: US$8 million 

Periodicals 

Newsletter (Korean, 4/yr, free) 

Kukka Cadlyak (Journal of National Strategy) (Korean, bi-ann, sub) 

The Sejong Review (English, bi-ann, ex, sub) 

Library 

31,000 books; 650 periodicals. 

Cooperation 

IMEMO (Russia); RAND Corporation (USA); CICIR (China); Institute for International Policy Studies (joint conferences) 

Research Institute for National Unification (RINU) 

Minjok tongil yeonkuwon 
Jangchung-dong 2-Ga San 5-19, Chung-ku 
Seoul, 100-392 Korea 
tel 82-2-232 4725, fax 82-2-238 3291 

Executive Officer/s 

Byong Yong Lee, President 
Eui Chul Choi, Vice-President 

History/Scope 

Established in 1991 by the Korean government, the Institute aims to better organize Korean national efforts for peaceful 
unification and explore appropriate policy options that will contribute to the government unification policy. During the past 
year and a half, the Institute has engaged in a variety of research projects and developed numerous policy recommendations 
for the government. Because the Institute fully recognizes the importance of basic studies that would ultimately help to 
advance the national goal of Korean unification, it has been concentrating on basic studies and research cooperation with 
various foreign institutions. The Institute has already produced more than eighty publications on issues related to Korean 
unification and played a central role in providing forums for broader discussions of issues critical to the Korean government's 
unification policy planning process. 

Areas of Research 

Economic, political and social issues, foreign relations, security and defence, regional studies. In 1995, RINU's research 
programs concentrated on 1) issues relating to the implementation of the 'Korean National 

Community Unification Formula'; 2) forecasting changes in North Korean Society as a result of the advent of new leadership; 
3) unification and the security environment in the context of the trend towards globalization; 4) problems that might occur 
during the implementation of the US-DPRK Agreed Framework and countermeasures to deal with them. 

Geographic Focus 

Domestic, East Asia and a particular interest in USA, Japan, China and Russia. 

Related Activities 

Major conferences (domestic, international), symposia and seminars, press releases, participation in radio and television 
programs. RINU holds joint workshops with institutes in the US, Japan, China, Russia and Germany on an annual basis. The 


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Institute also hosts a Guest Speaker Series to provide an informal setting for presentations by key government policymakers, 
scholars and journalists. 

Research Findings 

All accessible: available free and by exchange. Some recent titles include: 

A study of bureaucratic corruption in North Korea (1994) 

An analysis of North Korea's social infrastructure (1994) 

Arms competition between China and Japan: its influence on the security of the Korean Peninsula (1994) 

Party system and electoral system in a unified Korea (1994) 

A Study on formation of an Inter-Korean Federation and alternatives for its management (1994) 

Economic cooperation in a unified Korea: focussed on Asia-Pacific multilateral cooperation (1994) 

Changes in value consciousness of North Korean people: in comparison with the Soviet Union and East European countries 
(1994) 

An alternative for changes in Northeast Asian regional security structure in response to the advent of a unified Korea (1994) 
US policy toward the Korean Peninsula: focus on improved US-DPRK relationship (1994) 

Chinese policy toward the DPRK: present and prospects (1994) 

Present and future of North Korean opening: focus on promulgation of laws related to foreign investment (1994) 

An analysis of North Korea's negotiating strategy on the nuclear issue (1994) 

The advent of the Kim Jong-il regime and its policy prospects (1994) 

Studies on culture for a Unified Korea, Vol 1-2, (1994) 

Staff 

104, including 61 research and 43 administrative. 

Chief Researchers 

Eui Chul Choi, Vice-President (Chinese politics) 

Young Kyu Park, Sr. Research Fellow (National Security Policy, military strategy) 

Tae Hwan Ok, Research Fellow (US diplomatic history) 

Jae Jean Suh, Research Fellow (Political sociology) 

( Young Ho Park, Research Fellow (International security) 

Kyu Sup Chung, Research Fellow (North Korean foreign policy) 

Seong Ho Jhe, Research Fellow (International law) 

Young Choon Kim, Research Fellow (Japanese politics) 

Young Yoon Kim, Research Fellow (International economics) 

Funding Sources 

National government 

We do not accept contract research. 

Budget: Won 4.5 billion (US S 4 million) 

Periodicals 

Korean Journal of National Unification (English, ann, free, ex) 

The Korean Journal of Unification Studies (Korean, bi-ann, free, ex) 

Library 

14,000 books; 700 periodicals. 

Cooperation 

CSIS (Washington, D.C.); China Institute of Contemporary International Relations (Beijing) (joint workshops), Ifo Institute 
for Economic Research (Germany); CSIS; APA/NIRA (Japan); Center For Korean Studies, University of California (USA) 
(joint publications), Affiliations: Korean Political Science Association, Korean Association of International Studies 


NORTH KOREA 

Institute of Disarmament and Peace 

Contactperson: Choi U Jin 
PO Box 87 
Pyongyang 
DPR of North Korea 


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phone: (850) 380)-481-173 


MALAYSIA 

Institute of Strategic and International Studies (ISIS) 

Institut kajian Strategik dan Antarabangsa 
No. 1 Pesiaran Sultan Salahuddin 
PO Box 14124 

Kuala Lumpur, 50779 Malaysia 

tel 60-3-2939 366, fax 60-3-2939 430/375, 2938 485 

telex MA 31679 

Executive Officer/s 

Dr. Noordin Sopiee, Director General 

History/Scope 

Established in 1983, ISIS has the following main objectives: 

1) to contribute towards efforts at promoting general and professional discussion on important national and international issues 
through the organization of seminars, conferences, and other activities; 

2) to provide an avenue for individuals, experts, and intellectuals to exchange views and opinions and to conduct research in a 
free and conducive atmosphere; 

3) to undertake research on a variety of fields and conduct long-term analyses of public policies on national and international 
issues; 

4) to disseminate information and research findings undertaken by or on behalf of ISIS; 

5) to collaborate and cooperate with other bodies within or outside Malaysia for the advancement of its objectives; and 

6) to assist researchers in the conduct of research on national and international issues. 

Areas of Research 

Economic, political and social issues, industry policy, science and technology, communications and information, resources and 
energy, environment, security and defense, and foreign relations. ISIS conducts research in four major areas: 1) industrial 
master plan, including labour issues, trade, technology, business, environment; 2) national and international economic policy; 
3) national security issues, 'common security' and 'comprehensive security' in the Asia-Pacific region; and 4) nation building 
and national unity, issues concerning Japan and Malaysia, growth triangles, national economic issues. 

Geographic Focus 

Domestic and international, with a particular interest in ASEAN, EAEC, APEC, and PECC. 

Related Activities 

Major conferences (domestic, international), symposia and seminars, newspaper editorials and feature articles, press 
conferences and briefings, press releases, participation in radio and television programs, and briefings and presentations for 
government, opposition, political and industry organizations. 

Research Findings 

Partially accessible: available by purchase. Some recent titles include: 

Sopiee, Noordin Economic Integration and Economic Cooperation in Pacific Asia (1994) 

Chong/Sin (ed) Social Development Under Rapid Industrialisation (1994) 

Aun, Khoo Hock Attracting Japanese Tourists and Enhancing Their Impact on Malaysia (1994) 

Sato, Michihiko Japan's Urban Transportation (1994) 

Mahmood/Sani (eds) Confidence Building and Conflict Reduction in the Pacific (1993) 

Orr, Jr., Robert M. The Domestic Dimensions of Japanese Foreign Aid (1993) 

Staff 

86, including 43 research (41 resident, 2 visiting) and 43 administrative. 

Chief Researchers 

En. J. Hassan, Deputy Director General (security, strategic studies; foreign relations) 

Dr. Zainal Aznam Yusof, Deputy Director General (economics) 

Dr. Stephen Leong, Assistant Director General (Japan, East Asian studies) 

HJ. Ramli Othman, Assistant Director, General Secretary 

Steven Wong, Assistant Director General, Bureau of International Economic Studies 
Professor Ismail Salleh, Assistant Director General, Bureau of National Economic Policy Studies 


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Dr. Rozali Mohamed Ali, Assistant Director General, Bureau of Science 
Susan Teoh, Executive Director, Information Services Division 
Valentine Siva, Director, Public Affairs Division 
Al'Alim Mohd Ibrahim, Senior Fellow (finance) 

Funding Sources 

Contract research, endowment (government), overseas foundation/s 
Contract research (59.5% of revenue) 

Budget: RM 10,963,100 

Periodicals 

ISIS Focus (English, mo, members only) 

Negarawan (Malaya, bi-mo, sub) 

Library 

22,500 books; 325 periodicals. 

Cooperation 

Harvard Institute of International Development (HIID), local government agencies, JETRO, Japan Foundation (joint research), 
World Times Paper, UNDP, World Bank, International Herald Tribune, ASEAN-ISIS, NGOs, government organizations, 
Japan Institute for Social & Economic Affairs; Association for Promotion of International Cooperation (APIC) (joint 
conferences), PECC, PBEC, OECD (other), Affiliations: ASEAN-ISIS, CSCAP 

Databases 

ISIS Library (library catalog); Dynix system. 


MONGOLIA 

Centre for Strategic Studies of Mongolia (CSS) 

Ulanbaatar 

PO Box 870 

Central Post Ulanbaatar 

Telephone: 53034 (operator services) 

Executive Officer/s 

In 1992: Ltg (ret.) Dr Choindongiin Purevdoij, Director. 

History/Scope 
Established in 1990. 

Areas of Research (1992) 

Defence analysis; defence policies of major powers; Chinese and Soviet Studies; Northeast Asian security studies focused on 
Mongolia's role. National and international security; strategic thinking; Chinese and Soviet studies. Problems of Northeast 
Asian peace and security; national security decision-making organisations of foreign countries; prospects and trends of East 
European countries defence policies; Soviet-Chinese security relations; armed neutrality in Asia. 

Geographic Focus 
Domestic and international. 

Related Activities 

1-2 occasional conferences, two corporate meetings per annum. 

Staff 

29, including 3 staff, 24 research (4 in-house) and 2 administrative. 

Funding Sources 
Government 100% 

Periodicals 


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Security and Development Issues (bi-annual) 
CSS Newsletter (quaterly) 

Library 

1,500 books; 40 periodicals. 


NEW ZEALAND 

New Zealand Institute of International Affairs (NZIIA) 

NZIIA National Office c/o Victoria University of Wellington 
PO Box 600 

Wellington, New Zealand 

tel 64-4-472 7430, fax 64-4-473 1261 

Executive Officer/s 

Giff M. Davidson, OBE, JP, President 

Bruce M. Brown, Director 

History/Scope 

Established in 1934, the objectives of the Institute are to promote the understanding of international questions and problems, 
particularly as they relate to New Zealand by: i) studies, discussions, lectures, seminars and conferences; ii) by undertaking 
research; iii) by the publication of books and occasional papers; iv) by the publication of the bi-monthly journal, New Zealand 
International Review; and v) by such other means as the National Council may approve. 

Areas of Research 

Economic and political issues, security and defense, foreign relations, and regional studies. 

Geographic Focus 

International, with a particular interest in Asia and the Pacific, the Americas, the European Union, Australia, the US, Japan, 
China, Korea, ASEAN, and Russia 

Related Activities 

Symposia and seminars, participation in radio and television programs, public lectures, and a Korean Studies Program for New 
Zealand secondary schools. 

Research Findings 

Accessible: available by subscription. Some recent titles include: 

Hoadley, Steve. New Zealand and Taiwan (1994) 

Hoadley, Steve. New Zealand and Australia (1995) 

Templeton, Malcolm. Ties of Blood and Empire (1994) 

Brown, Bruce. Foreign Policy is Trade (1995) 

Staff 

2 administrative. 

Chief Researchers 

Associate Professor Steve Hoadley (Australia-New Zealand economic relations, New Zealand and Taiwan) 

Malcolm Templeton (New Zealand and the Suez Crisis) 

Bruce Brown (New Zealand's principal trade policy problems since WWII) 

Funding Sources 

University, national government, corporate members, institutional members, and individual members 
We do not accept contract research 
Budget: $NZ 110,000 

Periodicals 

New Zealand International Review (English, bi-mo, sub) 

Cooperation 


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Institute of Policy Studies (IPS), Centre for Strategic Studies (CSS), Centre for Asia Pacific Law and Business (CAPLAB) 
(joint conferences), United Nations Association of New Zealand (meetings) 

Branch Offices 

Auckland; Christchurch; Dunedin; Palmerston North; Timaru; Waikato; Wanganui; Wellington 


PAKISTAN 

The Institute of Strategic Studies, Islamabad (ISSI) 

Sector F-5/2, P.O. Box 1173, Islamabad 44000 Pakistan 
tel 92-(51) 824628, 821340, 814423, 814424 
Cable: STRATEGIES 

Executive Officer/s 

Lt. Gen. (Ref d) Syed Zakir Ali Zaidi, Director General 
History/Scope 

Founded in 1973, the Institute of Strategic Studies was established to fulfill a long felt requirement for the systemic study, 
analysis and evaluation of the geopolitical and geostrategic factors which have shaped the past-and will continue to determine 
the present and future—of Pakistan and the region surrounding it. Central, West and South Asia is an area which includes a 
superpower, a near superpower, a major power with nuclear capabilities, the oil-rich Persian Gulf, and the Arabian Peninsula 
and is the ideological center of gravity of the Islamic World. The Institute is an autonomous, non-profit, organization for 
research and analysis which seeks to promote a broad-based and informed public understanding of vital strategic and allied 
issues through talks, seminars and publications, based on open and public sources of information and intelligence. 

Areas of Research 

The Institute has an on-going research programme of its own and undertakes specific projects for other agencies. ISSI takes an 
inter-disciplinary approach to the integrated study of factors, events and issues, with a view to making projections into the 
future. Research is aimed at exploring new avenues of strategy, peace and security for Pakistan, the Islamic world and the 
surrounding region. 

Geographic Focus 

Pakistan, neighboring countries, and the countries comprising and affecting the Islamic world. 

Related Activities 

Talks and seminars (invitation), publication of research findings. 


Periodicals 

Strategic Perspective (English, qrt) 

Library 

10,000 volumes; 170 foreign periodicals. 

Pakistan Institute of International Affairs (PIIA) 

Aiwan-e-Sadar Road 
PO Box 1447 
Karachi 74200 

Telephone: 92 21 568 2891/6069 
Executive Officer/s 

In 1992: Dr Masuma Hasan, Administrator 
Mr Hafez R. Khan, Secretary 

History/Scope 

Founded in August 1949, in affilation with the RIIA, London and the Institute of Pacific Relations, New York. 

Areas of Research 

Programmes: Regional affairs; South Asia; Middle East; Pakistan/India relations and relations with other countries; 
developments in Central Asia and Pakistan's relations with emerging countries in that region. Projects: Impact of'new world 


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order' on South Asian and Middle Eastern security environment; military enforcement and peacekeeping measures by UN in 
light of Gulf experience; how to give indisputable UN identity to UN force; mechanisms for balancing forces of integration 
against those of disintegration for peace in South Asia. 

Geographic Focus 

Pakistan and neighboring countries. 

Related Activities 

Regular meetings, lectures and discussions for members of the Institute and others by invitation. 

Periodicals 

Pakistan Horizon (quaterly) 

Library 

24,861 volumes; 175 periodicals. 

Source of income 

Government 6%, publications 4%, membership 3%, other 87%. 

Budget: S 78,300 


PHILIPPINES 

Institute for International and Strategic Studies (ISS) 

UAP Building, Pearl Drive, Ortigas Complex, Pasig 

Metro Manila, Philippines 

tel 63-2-634 2831, fax 63-2-633 6731 

Executive Officer/s 

Dr. Julius Caesar Parrenas, Director 

History/Scope 

The Institute undertakes research on political and economic issues in the Asia-Pacific region, policy issues, and political 
economy. 

Areas of Research 

Economic, political, and social issues, industry policy, development, resources and energy, security and defense, foreign 
relations, and regional studies 

Geographic Focus 

Domestic, international, especially ASEAN and China. 

Related Activities 

Major conferences (domestic, international), symposia and seminars, newspaper editorials and feature articles, press 
conferences and briefings, press releases, participation in radio and television programs, briefings and presentations for 
government, opposition, political and industry organizations, and public lectures. 

Research Findings 

Most accessible; available by subscription. 

Some recent titles include: 

The Public Telecommunications Policy Act of the Philippines (1995) 

Policy Implications of AFTA's Acceleration (1995) 

Moving Towards a 5% Uniform Tariff Rate (1995) 

A Closer Look at the GATT Uruguay Round Final Act (1994) 

Liberalizing the Air Transport Industry (1994) 

Amending the Foreign Investment Act of 1991 (1994) 

The Liberalized Entry of Foreign Banks (1993) 

The Petroleum Refining and Marketing Industry of the Philippines (1993) 

Staff 


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8, including 6 research and 2 administrative. 

Chief Researchers 

Carla Marie Grino, Economist (international economics) 

Aida Mendoza, Senior Researcher (policy analysis) 

Teresa Sales, Researcher (international politics) 

Mary Beatrice Parcon, Researcher (international economics) 

Soledad Ante, Researcher (labor issues) 

Funding Sources 

Overseas foundation/s, contract research, corporate services, international organization/s 
Contract research (60% of revenues) 

Budget: US$250,000 

Periodicals 

Philippine Political Monitor (English, mo, sub) 

Economic Policy Papers (English, mo, sub) 

Cooperation 

Nomura Research Institute, Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, Trade Development Institute (Ireland), Stanford Research 
International (joint research), The Asia Society (New York), Australia-Japan Research Centre, Institute of Southeast Asian 
Studies, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences (joint conferences) 

Institute for Strategic and Development Studies (ISDS) 

President: Prof. Carolina G. Hernandez (Professor of Political Science at the University of Philippines) 

PO Box 30 UP Post Office 
Diliman, Quezon City 1101 
Philippines 

phone: (63-2) 983-894 fax: (63-2) 921-1436 


RUSSIA 

Institute of Far Eastern Studies Russian Academy of Sciences (IFES) 

Institut DaluegoVostoka 

27 Krasikova Street 

Moscow, 117218 Russia 

tel 7-095-124 0117, fax 7-095-310 7056 

E-mail: titarenk@ifes.msk.su 

URL: http://www. glasnet.ru/~vega/ifesras 

Executive Officer/s 

Professor Mikhail L. Titarenko, Director 
Dr. Vladimir Ya. Portyakov, Deputy Director 

History/Scope 

Established in 1966, the Institute of Far Eastern Studies (IFES) is a leading research institution in the Russian Academy of 
Sciences (RAS). IFES coordinates studies on modem China, North-East Asia, and Russia's relations with China, Japan, and 
Korea. The Institute is the successor of democratic traditions inherent in Russian Sinology and Oriental Studies laid by 
outstanding scholars such as Bichurin N. Y., Vassilyev V.P., Alexeyev V.M., Conrad N.I. and others. IFES has seven research 
Centers: Center for Socio-Economic Studies of China; Center for Studies and Forecast of the Russian-Chinese Relations; 
Center for Historical and Political Studies of Modem China; Center for Comparative Studies of East Asian Spiritual 
Civilizations; Center for Japanese Studies; Center for Korean studies; and Center of Information and Datapool. 

Areas of Research 

Economic, political and social issues, industry policy, development, science and technology, communication and information, 
resources and energy, agriculture, environment, security and defense, foreign relations, and regional studies. The current 
priorities in the Institute's research are: economy, policy, and international activities of China, Japan, and Republic of Korea; 
key problems for a constructive Russian-Chinese partnership; role and place of China in the world economy; general problems 
of security and formation of new international relations in North-East Asia and Asia-Pacific region; political system and 


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modem law in China and Taiwan; China's political and social history in the 20th century; encyclopedidictionary of'Chinese 
spiritual civilization'. 

Geographic Focus 

Domestic and international, with a particular focus on Northeast Asia (China, Japan, Democratic People's Republic of Korea, 
Republic of Korea). 

Related Activities 

Major conferences (domestic, international), symposia and seminars, press conferences and briefings, newspaper editorials and 
feature articles, press releases, participation in radio or television programs, public lectures, and academic programs 
(postgraduate school, doctoral programs). 

Research Findings 

All accessible; available by exchange or subscription. Some recent titles include: 

Titarenko, et. al. Russia’s Interests and Multilateral Cooperation in Northeast Asia for Development of the Russian Far East 
(1995) 

Miasnikov, V.S. Agreement Articles Ratified. A Diplomatic History of Russian-Chinese Border (1995) 

Portyakov, V.Y. PRC: the Search for Ways of Socio-Economic Development (1995) 

Tikhvinsky, S.L. (ed) Russian-Chinese Relations in the 19th Century (1995) 

Titarenko, M.L. (ed) Chinese Philosophy. The Encyclopedic Dictionary (1994) 

Titarenko, M.L. Russia and East Asia. Issues of International and Inter-Civilization Relations (1994) 

Japan and World Community. The Socio-Psychological Aspects of Internalization (1994) 

Perelomov, L.S. Confucius: Life, Doctrine, Destiny (1993) 

Malyavin, V.V. Confucius (1993) 

Staff 

200 research (including 90 postgraduate students). 

Chief Researchers 

Professor Mikhail L. Titarenko, Director and Member RANS (International relations in the Asia-Pacific region, history of 
Chinese philosophy) 

Sergey L. Tihvinsky, Academician RAS (history of China) 

Professor Vladimir Miasnikov, Corresponding Member RAS (history of Russian-Chinese relations, international relations in 
the Asia-Pacific region) 

Dr. Vladimir Ya. Portyakov, Deputy Director (economy of China) 

Professor Eleonora P. Povovarova, Chief Researcher and Member RANS (economy of China) 

Professor Alexandr G. Yakovlev, Chief Researcher and Member RANS (international relations in Asia-Pacific region) 

Anatoly V. Bolyatko, Chief Researcher (security in Asia-Pacific region) 

Dr. Boris T. Kulik, Chief Researcher (foreign relations of China) 

Professor Leonard S. Perelomov, Chief Researcher (history of Chinese philosophy) 

Dr. Alexey A. Moskalev, Chief Researcher (nationaltities in China) 

Periodicals 

PRC: Polity, Economy, Culture (Russian, ann, ex, sub) 

Japan: Polity, Economy, Culture (Russian, ann, ex, sub) 

Far Eastern Affairs (Russian/English, bi-mo, ex, sub) 

The Newsletter (Russian, mo, ex) 

Express Information (Russian, mo, ex) 

Information materials (Russian, bi-mo, ex) 

Library 

300,000 books, 150 periodicals. 

Cooperation 

Hanyang University (Seoul), Free University of Berlin (joint research), China's Institute of International Relations (Beijing) 
(joint conferences), Affiliations: Association of Sinologists of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Association of Japanese 
Studies (Russia), European Association of Sinologists. 

Databases 

Countries of Northeast Asia (under construction). 


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Institute of World Economy and International Relations (IMEMO) 

23 Profsoyunnaya Street 
GSP-7 Moscow 117859 
Russia 

Telephone 7 095 128 8107, Fax 7 095 128 3701/310 7027 
Executive Officer/s 

In 1992: Prof. Vladlen A. Martynov, Director 

History/Scope 
Established in 1956. 

Areas of Research 

Programmes: world economy and international economic relations; national economies of developed an third world countries; 
political systems and institutions of developed and third world countries; international security and disarmament; regional and 
global strategic studies. 

Projects: Russia military cooperation with US and NATO, Soviet military reforms; problems of strategic defences and arms 
control; new military threats for global and regional stability. 

Geographic Focus 
Domestic and international. 

Related Activities 

Occasional international conferences and seminars (20 in 1990); workshops on strategic stability and arms-control conversion. 
Staff 

651 full time, 16 part time, 143 support staff 
Chief Researchers 

In 1992: Dr Sergey E. Blagovolin; Dr Alexey G. Arbatov, Directors. 

Publications 

23 books published in 1990. 

Periodicals 

World Economy and International Relations (mo) 

Arms control and international security yearbook IMEMO (ann) 

Global problems of today (bi-ann) 

Library 

402,700 books, 533 periodical titles (156 Soviet titles), press files. 

Cooperation 

International Institutes of the Academy of Sciences of Russia; Atlantic Council, US; RIIA, UK. 

Source of income 
Government and contract research 
Budget (1992) Rb 8,335,000. 

Centre for International & Strategic Studies 

Contactperson: Vitaly Tsymbal, Professor 
RAU Corp. 32 

Building 2 Bakhrushina Street 

Moscow 113054 

Russia 

phone: (7-095) 2356-659 fax: (7-095) 2356-659 


SINGAPORE 


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The Institute of Policy Studies (IPS) 

Hon Sui Sen Memorial Library Building 
Kent Ridge Drive, Singapore 119260 

Mailing Address: Kent Ridge P O Box 1088, Singapore 911103 
Tel 65-779 2633, fax 65-777 0700 
E-mail: ips@pacific.net.sg 
URL: http://odin.pacific.net.sg/ipsl 

Executive Officer/s 

Professor Tommy T.B. Koh, Director 

Dr Tsao Yuan Lee, Deputy Director 

History/Scope 

Established in 1987, the Institute of Policy Studies is a public policy think-tank operating as a public company limited by 
guarantee. The Institute's objectives are to promote interest in and studies of issues which are of major concern to Singapore; 
to act as a bridge between the government, the business community, scholars, jounalists and other opinion-makers in 
Singapore; and to promote better understanding between Singapore, the region and the world. 

Areas of Research 

EPS's major research areas include: local entrepreneurship; overseas investments by Singapore companies, or 'regionalisation'; 
management of ethnic relations; demographic policy and trends; environmental issues; housing and urban studies; health 
economics; international economic, political and security relations; United Nations peace-keeping and conflict resolution; Law 
of the Sea and sustainable uses of the sea and its resources. 

Geographic Focus 

Domestic and international, with a particular focus on regional organizations such as APEC and ASEAN, ASEAN-EU 
relations, and bilateral relations between Singapore and Indonesia, Japan and the US. 

Related Activities 

Conferences, lectures, closed-door discussions and executive briefings. 

Research Findings 

Koh, T.B. Tommy (ed) The United States and East Asia: Conflict and Co-operation (1995) 

Ooi, Giok Ling (ed) Environment and the City: Sharing Singapore's Experience and Future Challenges (1995) 

Yap, Mui Teng (ed) Singapore: The Year in Review 1994 (1995) 

Manpower for Overseas Ventures: A Study of MNCs and Local Companies in Singapore (1995) 

International Ventures: Finding Key Executives (1995) 

Lee, Tsao Yuan Overseas Investment: Experience of Singapore Manufacturing Companies (1994) 

Lee, Tso Yuan (ed) Singapore: The Year in Review 1993 (1994) 

Arun, Mahizhnan (ed) Heritage and Contemporary Values (1993) 

Ooi, et. al. The Management of Ethnic Relations in Public Housing Estates (1993) 

Staff 

18, including 10 research and 8 administrative. 

Chief Researchers 

Professor Tommy T.B. Koh, Director (international law, foreign policy, environment, culture and the arts) 

Dr. Tsao Yuan Lee, Deputy Director (Singapore's external economic relations, regional growth triangles) 

Arun Mahizhnan, Senior Research Fellow (APEC, regionalisation, business issues, communication) 

Dr. Giok Ling Ooi, Senior Research Fellow (housing and urban studies, health care, ethnic relations, environment) 

Dr. Mui Teng Yap, Senior Research Fellow (population studies, family issues) 

Dr. Gillian Koh, Research Fellow (public administration, globalisation) 

Dr. Kai Hong Phua, Adjunct Fellow (health economics, public health) 

Lay Hwee Yeo, Research Associate (ASEAN-EU issues) 

Wee Chen Gwee, Senior Research Officer (economics) 

Li Lin Chang, Research Officer (international relations) 

Funding Sources 

Corporate associates, private foundations, government. 


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Library 

1,400 books, 700 periodicals and 50 references. Special collections: Newspaper cuttings of Singapore from 1992. 

Cooperation 

The Asia Society, Dow Jones International, ISEAS, SIF (Singapore International Foundation), UNITAR (United Nations 
Institute for Training and Research, CSIS (Washington, D.C.), IPS (Washington, D.C.), APIC (Association for the Promotion 
of International Cooperation, Japan), CIDES (Center for Information and Development Studies), AMPRO Holdings, NIRA 
(Japan) (joint conferences/symposia). ISC (Thailand) (international workshop), APEC PBF (Pacific Business Forum), CSIS 
(Washington, D.C.) (US-Singapore Consultative Group Meeting) 

Institute of Southeast Asian Studies (ISEAS) 

Heng Mui Keng Terrace, off Pasir Panjang Road 

Singapore 119596 

tel 65-778 0955, fax 65-778 1735 

telex RS37068 ISEAS, cable ISEAS 

Executive Officer/s 

Professor Chan Heng Chee, Director 

History/Scope 

Established in 1968, ISEAS is a research organization with recognition and permanence in the halls of scholarly excellence. It 
has a wide range and scope of regional and international research and has enhanced its role as a center of scholarship on 
Southeast Asia and beyond. It has become a recognized leader in specialized knowledge and expertise on Southeast Asia. 
Established in 1968 as an autonomous organization, ISEAS is a regional research center for scholars and other specialists 
concerned with modem Southeast Asia, particularly the many-faceted problems of stability and security, economic 
development, and political and social change. 

Areas of Research 

Economic, social and political issues, industry policy, development, science and technology, communications and information, 
resources and energy, agriculture, environment, security and defence, foreign relations, and regional studies. The Institute's 
regional research programs are the ASEAN Economic Research Unit (AERU), the Regional Strategic Studies Programme 
(RSSP), the Social Issues in Southeast Asia (SISEA) programme, and the Indochina Unit (IU). There are also several smaller 
programs: the Southeast Asian Cultural Program (SEACUP); the Public Affairs Unit; the Japan Study Group, and the 
ASEAN-CCI Study Group. 

Geographic Focus 

Domestic and international, especially Southeast Asia, ASEAN, Asia-Pacific and the EC. 

Related Activities 

Major conferences (domestic, international), symposia and seminars, newspaper editorials and feature articles, press briefings, 
public lectures, academic programs, training programs (Southeast Asia). 

Research Findings 

Most accessible: available by subscription. Some recent titles include: 

Chia Siow Yue (ed) APEC: challenges and opportunities (1994) 

Ross, Robert (ed) East Asia in transition: towards a new regional order (1995) 

NRI/ISEAS The new wave of foreign direct investment in Asia (1995) 

Kawagoe/Sekiguchi (eds) East Asian economies: transformation and challenges (1995) 

Fukasaku/Plummer/Tan (eds) OECD and ASEAN economies: the challenge of policy coherence (1995) 

Sloper/Can (eds) Higher Education in Vietnam: change and response (1995) 

Goeltom, Miranda Indonesia's financial liberalization: an empirical analysis of 1981-88 panel data (1995) 

Bautista, Germelino M. Natural resources, economic development and the state: the Philippine experience (1994) 

Da Cunha, Derek (ed) Debating Singapore: reflective essays (1994) 

Suphachalasai, Suphat Thailand's clothing and textile exports (1994) 

Sharma, Shankar (ed) Energy, the environment and the oil market: an Asia-Pacific Perspective (1994) 

Seda, Maria (ed) Environmental management in ASEAN: perspectives on critical regional issues (1993) 

Staff 

175, including 121 research (24 resident, 97 visiting) and 54 administrative. 


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Chief Researchers 

5 Rajaratnam, Distinguished Senior Fellow (global sociopolitical and economic trends) 

Dr. Derek da Cunha, Senior Fellow (regional defense and security issues) 

Dr. Ng Chee Yuen, Senior Fellow (regional economic relations) 

Dr. Joseph L.H. Tan, Senior Fellow (economic trends in the Asia-Pacific region) 

Dr. Carolyn L. Gates, Fellow (private sector development in Vietnam) 

Russell Heng, Fellow (political trends in Indochina) 

Liak Teng Kiat, Fellow (foreign policy, politics) 

Dr. Mya Than, Fellow (development issues in Indochina and Myanmar) 

Dr. Leonard Sebastian, Fellow (Indonesian national security and defense planning) 

Dr. Reza Yamora Siregar, Fellow 

Daljit Singh, Fellow (regional political trends) 

Tin Maung Maung Than, Fellow 

Dr. Yao Souchou, Fellow (urban planning) 

Funding Sources 

Singapore government, overseas and domestic foundations. 

We do not accept contract research. 

Assets: S$ 26.8 million 
Budget: S$ 8.05 million 

Periodicals 

Sojourn (English, bi-ann, sub) 

Contemporary Southeast Asia (English, qrt, sub) 

ASEAN Economic Bulletin (English, 3/yr, sub) 

Southeast Asian Affairs (English, ann, sub) 

Regional Outlook: Southeast Asia (English, ann, sub) 

Library 

112,188 books, 1876 periodicals. Special collections: Newspaper clipping files; 701, Cultural text files of the Southeast Asia 
Cultural Programme (SEACUP); 1480, Biography files; 390, Private papers (personal archives) (Folios); 909 

Databases 

SEABiog (Biography entries); 2407 
SEABase (Journal article entries); 1000 

Singapore Institute of International Affairs (SIIA) 

6 Nassim Road 
Singapore 102 
Singapore 

phone: (65) 734-9600 fax: (65) 733-6217 
Executive Officer/s 

Dr. Lau Teik Soon, Chairman. Dr. Lau Teik Soon is Member of Parliament in Singapore. He serves as the Vice Chairman of 
the Defense and Foreign Affairs Government Parliamentary Committee and Chairman of the Council and Executive 
Committees of the Singapore Institute of International Affairs. He is also Associate Professor at the National University of 
Singapore. Dr. Soon received a Certificate in Education from the University of Birmingham (1958), a BA Honors from the 
University of Singapore (1966) and a PhD in International Relations from the Australian National University (1972). He has 
been a research scholar or fellow at the Australian National University, the Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, St. Anthony's 
College, Oxford, Columbia University, UC Berkeley and the London School of Economics. Dr. Soon was first elected to 
Parliament in 1976. He is or has been chairman of several regional organizations, including the Council on Security 
Cooperation in the Asia Pacific and the ASEAN Institutes of Strategic and International Studies. 

History/Scope 
Established in 1962. 

Areas of Research 

Programmes: security issues in Asia-Pacific region; conflicts in the South China Sea; foreign policies of Southeast Asian 
states. Projects: trends in Asia-Pacific security. 




































































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Geographic Focus 

International, especially Southeast Asia, ASEAN, and the Asia-Pacific. 

Related Activities 

SIIA international conference; SIIA current security programme conference; SILA pre-university workshop. 

Research Findings 
2 books per annum. 

Staff (in 1992) 

16, including 7 staff, 6 research and 3 support staff. 

Chief Researchers 

In 1992: Dr Lee Lai To, former Director. 

Funding Sources (in 1992) 

Foundation and membership 
Budget: SS 50,000 million 

Library 

2,000 books; press files. 

Affiliation 

ASEAN Institute of Strategic and International Studies. 


SRI LANKA 
Marga Institute 

93/10, Dutugemunu Mawatha, Kirillapone 

Colombo 5, Western Province, Sri Lanka 

tel 94-1-585186/ 581514/501972, fax 94-1-580589 

Executive Officer/s 

Godfrey Gunatilleke, Executive Vice-Chairman 
History/Scope 

Established in 1972, the Marga Institute is a private, multi-disciplinary research body set up as an autonomous, non-profit Sri 
Lankan organization. Its main activity is development research within a value-oriented framework. The founding group felt the 
need for more systematic research to understand the issues relevant to the formulation of development policies in Sri Lanka, 
and also to devise strategies for their implementation. Although its primary function is researchs, the Institute is engaged in 
several other activities. It has a continuing program of publications, organizes national, regional and international seminars on 
a regular basis, and has undertaken several experimental village development projects which combine research with action in 
the field. Since 1983, the Marga Institute has also undertaken consulting work for the government and its agencies, 
international institutions, and some private organizations in Sri Lanka. The main objective of this type of work is to utilize the 
research experience of its staff for the evaluation of development programs implemented in Sri Lanka and elsewhere. 

Areas of Research 

Economic, political and social issues, industry policy, development, communications and information, resources and energy, 
agriculture, and environment. The research activities of the Institute are currently organized under four programs: international 
studies, macro-economic studies, social studies, and institutional studies. 

Geographic Focus 

Domestic and international, with a particular interest in South Asia. 

Related Activities 

Major conferences (domestic, international), symposia and seminars, and training programs. The Institute implements an 
action-research program at the micro-level designed to advance the capacity of small rural communities to undertake an 
integrated process of development. The Marga Institute has also acted as the coordinating center for DEVINSA (the 


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Development Information Network for South Asia) and coordinates a library and information network for non-governmental 
social science research institutions (INNESS). 

Research Findings 

All accessible: available by exchange and by subscription. Some recent titles include: 

Climate Change in Asia (1994) 

Development Models (1995) 

Bastiampillai/Wanasinghe Devolution in a multi-ethnic society (1995) 

Perera, P.D.A. Emerging issues of population aging in Sri Lanka (1993) 

Gunatilleke, Godfrey The government budget & development (1994) 

Gunatilleke, Godfrey Health policy for rural areas (1994) 

Quibria, M.G. Rural poverty (1994) 

What is democracy (1994) 

What is a market economy (1994) 

Staff 

59, including 22 research (12 resident, 10 visiting) and 37 administrative. 

Chief Researchers 

G. Gunatilleke, Executive Vice Chairman 

H. E.M. Perera, Director (Social Studies) 

P.D.A. Perera, Consultant 

C. Gamage, Consultant 
R.E. Fernando, Consultant 
Eymam Wijeratne, Consultant 

D. H. Sathischandra, Associate Director 
U. Jayawardena, Associate Director 
H.W.P.B. Wijetilleke, Assistant Director 

Funding Sources 

International organization/s, overseas foundation/s, contract research 
Budget: Rupees 15 million 
Assets: Rupees 10 million 

Periodicals 

Marga Journal (English, qrt, sub) 

Marga Newsletter (English, bi-ann, free) 

Library 

25,000 books, 37 periodicals. 

Cooperation 

Affiliations: IFIAS, ADIPA, WHO, IGSAC, SAPTA 
Databases 

DEVINSA (socio-economic sciences on South Asian countries); on-line 

DATA BANK (Sri Lankan Socio-economic statistics ); on-line 

ASIAN MIGRATION DATA BANK (Asian migration data); off-line, on request 


( THAILAND 

Institute of Asian Studies (IAS) 

Satnaban Asia Suksa 

7th Floor, Prajadhipoix-Rambaibami Bldg. 
Chulanlongkom University, 

Phya Thai Road, Pathumwan 

Bangkok, 10330 Thailand 

tel 66-2-218 7460/8, fax 66-2-215 1124 


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Executive Officer/s 

Withaya Sucharithanarugse, Director 

Sunait Chutintharanand, Deputy Director for Academic Affairs 
History/Scope 

Established in 1965, the IAS aims to achieve the following objectives: 

1) to promote academic excellence in the field of Asian studies; 

2) to build genuine interest in Asian affairs among the general public both in and outside Thailand; 

3) to promote a better understanding of Thailand and the rest of Asia; and 

4) to promote better understanding among Asian communities and in relation to other communities in the rest of the world. 
Areas of Research 

Economic, political, and social issues, development, security and defense, foreign relations, and regional studies. 

Geographic Focus 

Southeast Asia, East Asia, South Asia, and the Middle East. 

Related Activities 

Major conferences (domestic, international), symposia and seminars, newspaper editorials and feature articles, participation in 
radio or television programs (produced in-house), public lectures, and training programs (issues in Asian studies for secondary 
school teachers). 

Research Findings 

All accessible: available by exchange and by subscription. Some recent titles include: 

On Both Sides of the Tenasserim Range: History of Siamese/ Burmese Relations (1995) 

Rupture and Return; Repatriation, Displacement and Reintegration in Battambang Province, Cambodia (1994) 

The United States, the Mekong Committee and Thailand (1994) 

An Annotated Bibliography on Indochinese Refugee Repatriation (1993) 

Refugee Flows from Indochina (1993) 

Sikhs in Thailand (1993) 

Current Indochinese Economies (1992) 

Cooperation in the Mekong Development (1992) 

Staff 

39, including 16 research (14 resident, 2 visiting) and 23 administrative. 

Chief Researchers 

Dr. Khien Theeravit, Senior Fellow/Advisor (international relations, China, Japan, Indochina) 

Dr. Supang Chandravanij, Senior Fellow on Migration Studies (anthropology, culture, migration) 

Patrick A. J. Van De Veld, Senior Fellow (migration) 

Funding Sources 

National government, overseas foundations, and research grants. 

We do not accept contract research. 

Budget: Thai baht 3.5 million 
Assets: Thai baht 4.1 million 

Periodicals 

Asian Review (Thai, 3/yr ex, sub) 

Asian Review (English, 3/yr ex, sub) 

Asia Yearbook (Thai, ann, ex, sub) 

Library 

500 books, 100 periodicals. 

Cooperation 

Asia Foundation; Japan Foundation; Ford Foundation; UNHCR; Friedrich Ebert Stiftung (joint conferences), Affiliations: Asia 
Society 

Databases 


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Extensive computerized databank on Southeast Asia 

Institute of Security and International Studies (ISIS) 

Prajadhipok-Rambhaibami Building, Chulalongkom University 

Bangkok, 10330 Thailand 

tel 66-2-218 7433/218 2686, fax 66-2-254 0119 

E-mail: isis@chulkn.chula.ac.th 

Executive Officer/s 

Dr. Kusuma Snitwongse, Chairperson, Executive Board 
Dr. Suchit Bunbongkam, Acting Director 

History/Scope 

Established in 1981, the Institute of Security and International Studies (ISIS) began as the Southeast Asian Studies Program 
within the Faculty of Political Science, Chulalongkom University. In February 1982 it became an institute of Chulalongkom 
University entrusted with the task of conducting independent, academic research and disseminating knowledge on international 
and strategic issues. The objectives of ISIS are: 

1) to benefit teaching and research at the University level by promoting knowledge and understanding of international and 
security issues, particularly those directly and indirectly affecting Thailand and Southeast Asia; 

2) to help to identify problems, pose questions and propose policy options for Thai government agencies on security and 
international issues affecting Thailand and Southeast Asia; 

3) to enhance the general public's awareness and understanding of strategic and international issues, especially those 
concerning Thailand and Southeast Asia. 

Areas of Research 

The primary function of ISIS is to promote research on crucial political, military, and socio-economic issues affecting the 
security of Thailand and Southeast Asia. Research areas include Thailand's defense and foreign policies, domestic and regional 
security issues and, more specifically, Thailand's counter-insurgency policy, the impact of environmental problems on national 
security, and decision-making patterns in Thai arms procurements. 

Geographic Focus 

Thailand, Southeast Asia and Asia-Pacific. 

Related Activities 

Conferences, workshops, seminars and public lectures. 

Research Findings 

All available for purchase. Some recent titles include: 

Samudavanija/Snitwongse/Bunbongkam From Armed Suppression to Political Offensive: Attitudinal Transformation of Thai 
Military Officers (1990) 

Samudavanija/Snitwongse Environment and Security: the Security of the Thai State and the Insecurity of its People (1992) 
Rathanamongkolmas/Pongsudhirak (eds) Great Issues in Thailand's Public and Foreign Policies in the Next Decade (1994) 

Staff 

3 (administrative) 

Chief Researchers 

Dr. Kusuma Snitwongse, Chairperson 

Dr. Suchit Bunbongkam, Acting Director 

Dr. Panitan Wattanyagom, Director of Defense Studies 

Chookiat Panaspomprasit, Fellow 

Thitinan Pongsudhirak, Fellow 

Funding Sources 

Foreign foundations 

We do not accept contract research. 

Libraiy 

Special collections: security, defence, and international issues. 


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Cooperation 

ISIS is the founding member of ASEAN Institutes of Strategic and International Studies (ASEAN-ISIS) which includes the 
Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS), Indonesia; Institute of Strategic and International Studies (ISIS), 
Malaysia; Institute of Strategic and Development Studies (ISDS), Philippines; Singapore Institute of International Affairs 
(SIIA), Singapore; Institute for International Relations (HR), Vietnam. 

ISIS also has extensive contacts with numerous institutes in Europe, East Asia, and North America. 


UNITED KINGDOM 

The International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS) 

23 Tavistock Street 

London, WC2E 7NQ UK 

tel 44-171-379 7676, fax 44-171-836 3108 

E-mail: iiss@iiss.org.uk 

URL: http://www.fsk.ethz.ch/iiss/ 

Executive Officer/s 

Dr. John Chipman, Director 

Rose Gottemoeller, Deputy Director 

Cdr. J. A. McCoy, Administrative Director 

Col. Terence Taylor, Assistant Director 

History/Scope 

Established in 1958, the Institute for Strategic Studies is an independent center for research, information, and debate on the 
problems of security, conflict and conflict control, arms, and arms control in the modem world. The aims of the Institute are as 
follows: 

1) to provide a firm foundation of accurate information on and rigorous analysis of current and future problems, and to assist 
the public comprehension of key international security and strategic issues; and 

2) to promote professional debate and scholarship in international security matters by providing a forum for the exchange of 
views and facilities for members. 

Areas of Research 

Europe, Middle East, Asia, African regional security; non-proliferation, peacekeeping and conflict resolution, use of force. 

Geographic Focus 
Global. 

Related Activities 

Annual conferences each September, regional security conferences and workshops throughout the world. 

Research Findings 

All accessible: order from IISS or Oxford University Press. Information on world wide web page. 

Staff 

40, including 20 research and 20 library, publications and support. 

Chief Researchers 

Dr. Gerald Segal, Senior Fellow, Asian Security Studies 

Dr. Michael Williams, Senior Fellow, Editor Strategic Comments 

Dr. Philip Gordon, Senior Fellow, US security studies 

Dr. Ibrahim Karawan, Middle East security 

Dr. Mats Berdal, Research Fellow, UN multinational operations 

Funding Sources 

Grants, membership, publications, investment income, annual conferences. 

We do not accept contract research. 

Budget: 2.7 million pounds 
Assets: 9.5 million pounds 


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i Institutes for Strategic and International Studies 


Periodicals 
Survival (English, qrt) 

The Military Balance (English, ann) 

Strategic Survey (English, ann) 

Adelphi Papers (English, about 10/yr) 

Strategic Comments (English, 10/yr) 

Library 

6,000 books; 211 periodicals. 

Cooperation 

Varying levels of cooperation with 324 institutes. 

Databases 

Library Catalogue, book, journal details, in-house only. Full Internet access. 

Branch Offices 

US Committee of the IISS, Suite 800, 818 Connecticut Ave., NW, Washington D.C. 20006 USA 

Royal Institute of International Affairs (RIIA/Chatham House) 

10 St James's Square 

London, SW1Y 4LE United Kingdom 

tel 44-171-957 5700, fax 44-171-957 5710 

E-mail: contact@riia.org 

URL: http://www.telegraph.co.uk/RILA/ 

Executive Officer/s 

Professor Sir Laurence Martin, Director 
Professor Jack Spence, Director of Studies 
Mr. David Weller, Director of Finance 

History/Scope 

Established in 1920, the Royal Institute of International Affairs is an independent body founded to encourage and facilitate the 
study of international questions. The aims and objectives for which the Institute was established are set out in its Royal Charter 
as follows: To advance the sciences of international politics, economics and jurisprudence, and the study, classification, and 
development of the literature of these subjects; To provide and maintain means of information upon international questions by 
means of lectures and discussion and by the publication of books, records, reports; To encourage and facilitate the study of 
international questions and to promote the exchange of information, knowledge and thought on international affairs. 

Areas of Research 

Economic and political issues, industry policy, resources and energy, environment, foreign relations, security and defense, and 
strategic planning. 

Geographic Focus 

International, with a particular focus on Europe, Russia and Eurasia, Middle East/North Africa, Asia-Pacific, Southern Africa 
and the EU, WTO, UN, OSCE, NATO, and OAU. 

Related Activities 

Major conferences (international), symposia and seminars, newspaper editorials and feature articles, press briefings and press 
releases, participation in radio and television programs, briefings and presentations for government, opposition, political and 
industry organizations, and public lectures. 

Research Findings 

All accessible. Some recent titles include: 

Ferdinand, Peter The New Central Asia and Its Neighbors (1994) 

Holm, Eric Europe, A Political Culture? Fundamental Issues for the 1996 IGC (1994) 

Steen, Nicola Sustainable Development and the Energy Industries: Implementation and Impacts of Environmental Legislation 
(1994) 

Collinson, Sarah Europe and International Migration (1994) 


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Smith, Julie Voice of the People: the European Parliament in the 1990s (1995) 

Cable, Vincent China and India: Economic Reform and Global Integration (1995) 

Steil, Benn Illusions of Liberalization: Securities Regulation in Japan and the EC (1995). 

Eldon, Stewart From Quill Pen to Satellite: Foreign Ministries in die Information Age (1994) 

Cornish, Paul Anti-Personnel Mines: Controlling the Plague of'Butterflies' (1994) 

Taylor/Imai Security Challenges for Japan and Europe in a Post-Cold War World, Vol. Ill: The Defence Trade: Demand, 
Supply and Control (1994) 

Taylor/Sato Security Challenges for Japan and Europe in a Post Cold War World, Vol. IV: Future Sources of Global Conflict 
(1995) 

Melvin, Neil Forging the New Russian Nation: Russian Foreign Policy and the Russian-Speaking Communities of the Former 
USSR (1994) 

Winthrow, Gareth Turkey in Post-Soviet Central Asia (1995) 

Staff 

91, including 29 research (24 resident, 5 visiting) and 62 administrative. 

Chief Researchers 

Professor Sir Laurence Martin (security issues) 

Professor Jack Spence (Southern Affica/Africa) 

Dr. Roy Allison (Russia, Eurasia) 

Dr. Kirsty Hughes (European issues) 

Dr. Benn Steil (international economics) 

Dr. Rosemary Hollis (Middle East/N. Africa) 

Dr. Michael Grubb (energy & environmental issues) 

Mr. Richard Grant (Asia-Pacific region) 

Funding Sources 

Conference fees, grants from corporations and foundations (overseas, domestic), and publications 
Budget:4.5 million pounds 

RILA has established a wholly-owned trading subsidiary to accept contract research. 

Periodicals 

International Affairs (English, qrt, sub) 

The World Today (English, mo, sub) 

Library 

140,000 books, 1,200 periodicals. Special collections: EDC (European Documentation Centre) (European Union, European 
Community publications). Chatham House Press Cuttings Collection (all aspects of international affairs in contemporary 
press); 1924-39 microfilm at RIIA, 1940-71 hard copy at British newspaper library, 1972- hard copy at RIIA. 

Cooperation 

IFRI (France), DGAP (Germany), IAI (Rome), Brookings Institution (USA), CSIS (USA), CFR (USA) (joint research), 
Reciprocal membership with institutes in British Commonwealth countries. Member of European Working Group on 
Information and Documentation on International Relations and Area Studies. 

Databases 

In-house catalog (reference materials; 1990 onwards); TINLIB software on PC network. 

BLAISELINE, EUROBASES, FT PROFILE (and other external databases); on-line access. 

Branch Offices 

Scottish Branch: c/o Secretary, Professor Roger Carey 
Fax: 44-141-337 4121 


UNITED STATES 

Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS) 

1800 K Street, NW Suite 400 

Washington, D.C. 20006 USA 

tel 1-202-887 0200, fax 1-202-775 3199 


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Executive Officer/s 

David M. Abshire, President and Chief Executive Officer 
History/Scope 

Established in 1962, CSIS's basic mission is policy impact. Our goal is to inform and shape selected policy decisions in 
government and the private sector to meet the increasingly complex and difficult challenges that leaders will confront in the 
next century. 

Areas of Research 

Economic, political and social issues, development, resources and energy, environment, science and technology, 
communications and information, security and defence, foreign relations and regional studies. CSIS's current research 
programs are concentrated on the following concerns: arms control and crisis management, energy and national security, 
environmental affairs, global organized crime, international business and economics, maritime studies, national service for 
disadvantaged youth, political-military affairs, and the strengthening of America. 

Geographic Focus 
Domestic and international. 

Related Activities 

Major conferences (domestic, international), symposia and seminars, working groups, newspaper editorials and feature 
articles, press conferences and briefings, press releases, participation in radio and television programs, briefings for 
government, opposition, political and industry groups, and public lectures. 

Research Findings 

All accessible: available free, by exchange and by subscription. Some recent titles include: 

Ding Jingping China's Domestic Economy in Regional Context (1995) 

Yochelson, John The future of the U.S.-EU-Japan Triad (1995) 

Khana, Jane (ed) Southern China, Hong Kong, and Taiwan; evolution of a sub-regional economy (1995) 
Wendt/Gelbard/Preeg Population growth and U.S. National interests (1995) 

Juffer, Kristin A. Japan and the United States: revving up for the information superhighway (1994) 
van Opstal, Debra Road Map for Federal Acquistion (FAR) Reform (1995) 

Snider/Carlton-Carew (eds) U.S. civil-military relations: in crisis or transition (1995) 

Roberts, Brad (ed) Weapons proliferation in the 1990s (1995) 

Baer/Jockel/Weintraub (eds) NAFTA and sovereignty: trade-offs for Canada, Mexico, and the United States (1995) 

Cossa, Ralph A. (ed) Asia Pacific confidence and security building measures (1995) 

Hunter, Shireen T. The Transcaucases in transition; nation building and conflict (1994) 

Staff 

170, including 120 research (95 resident, 25 visiting) and 50 administrative. 

Chief Researchers 

Bradley Belt, Director (domestic policy issues) 

G. Henry Schuler, Chair (energy and national security) 

Robert Ebel, Director (energy and national security) 

Diana L. Dougan, Chair (international communications) 

Charles Loveridge, Director (international communications) 

John N. Yochelson, Director (international business and economics) 

David A. Wendt, Director (international economic and social development) 

Don M. Snider, Director (political-military) 

Joseph V. Montville, Director (preventive diplomacy) 

Helen Kitchen, Director (African studies) 

Georges A. Fauriol, Director (Americas program) 

Gerrit W. Gong, Director (Asian studies) 

Simon Serfaty, Director (European studies) 

Anthony H. Cordesman, Co-director (Middle East studies) 

Keuth Bush, Senior Associate (Russian and Eurasian studies) 

Funding Sources 

Domestic foundations, government endowment, donations (corporate, private), sale of publications. 


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Contract research (over 5% of revenue) 

Budget: $14.6 million 

Periodicals 

The Washington Quarterly (English, qrt, sub) 

Washington Papers Series (English, irreg) 

Significant Issues Series (English, irreg) 

CSIS Panel Reports 
CSIS Reports 

Post-Soviet Prospects (English, 10-12/yr) 

Policy Papers on the Americas 
CSIS Africa Notes 
[Pacific Forum Publications] 

Policy Report Series 
Occasional Papers 
Pac-Net Newsletter 

Library 

5000 books; 350 periodicals. 

Cooperation 
Affiliations: CSCAP 

Databases 

NEXIS (Full text); Dial-up 
DLALOG (Full text, bibliographic); Dial-up 
CompuServe Executive News Service (Newswires); Dial-up 
Internet; ISDN 

Wilsonline (Bibliographic); Dial-up 

Branch Offices 
Pacific Forum/CSIS 
Honolulu, Hawaii 

East-West Center (EWC) 

1777 East-West Road 
Honolulu, Hawaii 96848 USA 
tel 1-808-944 7111, fax 1-808-944 7376 
URL: http://www.ewc.hawaii.edu 

Executive Officer/s 
Kenji Sumida, President 

Lee Jay Cho, Executive Vice-President, Economic and Technical Interchange 
Bruce Koppel, Vice-President, Educational and Cultural Interchange 
Myma Nip, Vice-President for Administration 

History/Scope 

Established in 1960 by the US Congress to foster mutual understanding and cooperation among the governments and peoples 
of the Asia-Pacific region, including the United States, the EWC is a public, non-profit institution with an international board 
of governors. The Center promotes responsible development, long-term stability and human dignity for all people in the region 
and helps prepare the United States for constructive involvement in Asia and the Pacific through research, education, dialogue 
and outreach. It provides a neutral meeting ground where people with a wide range of perspectives exchange views on topics 
of regional concern. Some 2,000 scholars, government and business leaders, educators, journalists and other professionals 
from throughout the region annually work with Center Staff to address issues of contemporary significance in such areas as 
international economics and politics, the environment, 

population, energy and mineral resources, cultural studies, communications, journalism and Pacific Islands development and 
research. 

Areas of Research 

Population, environment, resources and energy, economic, political and social issues, security, international relations, and 


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regional integration. 

Geographic Focus 
Asia-Pacific-US. 

Related Activities 

Major conferences (domestic, international), symposia and seminars, workshops, media relations, briefings and presentations 
for government officials, journalists, business executives and educators, public lectures, academic programs, and training 
programs. 

Research Findings 

All accessible: available free and by subscription. Some recent titles include: 

Alagappa, Muthiah Political Legitimacy in Southeast Asia (1995) 

Morgan, Joseph R. Porpoises Among the Whales: Small Navies in Asia and the Pacific (1994) 

Alagappa, Muthiah Democratic Transition in Asia (1994) 

La Croix/ Wolff The Asia-Pacific Airline Industry (1995) 

Rambo/Hung/Jamieson The Challenges of Vietnam's Reconstruction (1993) 

Korten, Frances F. The High Costs of Environmental Loans (1993) 

Staff 

164, including 30 research and 134 administrative. 

Chief Researchers 

Lee Jay Cho, Vice-President of Program Development 
Andy Mason, Director, Program on Population 
Terry Rambo, Director, Program on Environment 
Fereidun Fesharaki, Director, Program on Resources 
Sitiveni Halapua, Director, Pacific Islands Development 
Program Larry Smith, Director, Education and Culture 

Funding Sources 

Endowment (government, private), foreign govemment/s, private organization/s, corporations. 

Contract research (10% of revenues) 

Budget: $36,778,057 

Periodicals 

Asia-Pacific Issues (English, occasional, free) 

EWC Special Reports (English, occasional, free) 

EWC Occasional Papers (English, occasional, free) 

Library 

30,000 books; 1,000 periodicals. 

Cooperation 

various joint research projects, seminars, and workshops. 

Databases 

GEAC Advance System (Asia-Pacific economic, social, political & population data); telnet to ewc.hawaii.edu, login as opac, 
and hit return for password. 


VIETNAM 

Centre for Japan Studies (CJS), National Centre for Social and Human Sciences 

Trung Tam Nghien Cuu Nhat Ban 

HI TTKHXH, Kim Ma Thuong, Cong Vi, Ba Dinh 

Hanoi, Vietnam 

tel 84-4-325 178, fax 84-4-326 653 
Executive Officer/s 


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Institutes for Strategic and International Studies 


Duong Phu Hiep, Director 
Nguyen Duy Dung, Vice-Director 

History/Scope 

Established in 1993, the Centre for Japan Studies is a scientific research institution belonging to the National Centre for Social 
and Human Sciences of Vietnam. The main aims of the Centre for Japan Studies are to: 1) construct and implement long-term 
and short-term research programs and plans on the history, economy, society, culture, and linguistics of Japan; 

2) coordinate and cooperate with domestic and international research insitutions in studying and exchanging material and 
information concerned with Japan; 

3) take part in training and enhancing the knowledge of researchers on Japan; 

4) disseminate information on Japan so as to broaden the knowledge of the Vietnamese people about Japan; 

5) provide scientific bases for Vietnamese authorities in planning their domestic and foreign policies; and 6) gradually build up 
an information-document-library system and the material and technical bases required for the work of the Centre. 

Areas of Research 

Economic, political and social issues, development, history, foreign relations, and regional studies. 

Geographic Focus 

ASEAN, Asian countries, Japan. 

Related Activities 

Major conferences (domestic, international), symposia and seminars, newspaper editorials and feature articles, press releases, 
academic programs, and training programs (Japanese language courses for researchers of the Centre). 

Staff 

28, including 26 research and 2 administrative. 

Chief Researchers 

Duong Phu Hiep (philosophy) 

Nguyen Duy Dung (economics) 

Tran Quang Minh (economics) 

Pham Xuan Mai (economics) 

Pham Qui Long (economics) 

Nguyen Thanh Hien (politics and society) 

Ngo Thanh Phuong (politics and society) 

Le Hoang Anh (politics and society) 

Tran Thi Nhung (politics and society) 

Duong Lan Hai (history) 

Nguyen Ngoc Nghiep (history) 

Nguyen Hong Van (history) 

Bui Bich Van (history) 

Nguyen Thanh Binh (Vietnam-Japan relations) 

Ho Viet Hanh (philosophy) 

Tran Manh Cat (culture and linguistics) 

Nguyen Tuan Khanh (culture and linguistics) 

Cung Huu Khanh (culture and linguistics) 

Tran Thi Minh (education) 

Funding Sources 

National government, overseas foundation/s, sale of publications 
Contract research (40% of revenues) 

Budget: US $40,000 

Periodicals 

Japan Studies Review (Vietnamese, qtr, ex, sub) 

Library 

1,500 books; 48 periodicals. 

Cooperation 


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Institute of International Relations (Foreign Ministry, Vietnam), Institute of Southeast Asian Studies (Vietnam), Institute of 
World Economy (Vietnam), Tokyo University (joint conferences) 


| HAS Homepage | Institutes and Associations | 







































































01OC : Korean Section 


http://portico.bl.uk/oioc/korea.html 


Korean Section 

British Library Oriental and India Office Collections 



Copyright © 1997, The British Library Board 
British Library, Or. 11356 

The Jade Stream Club, a page from the Okkyesa, an eighteenth-century, Korean illustrated manuscript album ofpoetry 

Oriental Collections holds a small but active collection of over 10,000 monographs, 40 manuscripts, and over 200 current 
serials from South and North Korea. The newspapers Tonga Ilbo and Minju Choson are taken, and there is an extensive 
collection of microfilmed newspapers from North and South Korea. 

• History and Scope of the Collections 

• Collection of Manuscripts 

• Collection of Antiquarian Printed Books 

• Modem Monographs and Serials 

• Catalogues 

Information on Services to Readers 

Further Information 

Korean Section 

Oriental and India Office Collections 
The British Library 
197 Blackfriars Road 
London SE1 8NG 
United Kingdom 

Tel: +44 171 412 7663 
Fax: +44 171 412 7641 
Email address: oioc-korean@bl.uk 

From Portico - The British Library’s Online Information Server 


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OIOC: Korean Section: Monographs, Serials and Works in Western Languages 


http://portico.bl.uk/oioc/korea-monographs.html 


Korean Section: Monographs, Serials and Works in 
Western Languages 

British Library Oriental and India Office Collections 

Strong in the fields of literature and language, history, philosophy, archaeology and art, reference works and geographical 
texts, the modem collections are growing steadily, through purchases and generous gifts by Korean corporate and government 
foundations. Holdings of post 1955 North Korean publications are fairly good, since the Library has been an exchange partner 
of various North Korean institutions since about 1955. Other exchange agreements, with partners in the Republic of Korea, 
have yielded rich holdings of official governmental publications, a sector of the publishing industry which has consistently 
been an important force in South Korea, where legal restrictions prohibit the sale of government-funded publications. 

Works on Korea in Western Languages 

The Korean section of the Oriental and India Office Collections is primarily responsible for acquiring material written in 
Korean. Although a significant number of books relating to Korea in Western languages can be found in the catalogues, the 
vast majority of the British Library's extremely rich holdings of historic and contemporary works on Korea are included in the 
British Library's General Catalogue. There are particularly strong holdings of diplomats', travellers' and missionaries' accounts 
of Korea between 1880 and 1910. 

Printed subject indices covering the years 1871-1975 are an excellent starting point for surveying the early collections of 
works relating to Korea, which include such important texts as the Account of the shipwreck of a Dutch vessel [...] with the 
description of the Kingdom of Korea , by the 17th century Dutch sailor Hendryk Hamel and Witsen's Nord en Ost Tartarye of 
1705. 

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International University of Japan - Research Institutes 


http:// www. iuj .ac .j p/research/ 



International University of Japan 

Research Centers and Institutes 


(GLOCOM! 



The Center for Global Communications (Glocom) is among the leading academic and applied research institutes 
in Japan focused on the Internet and global information policy issues. 

For more information, please see the GLOCOM Website at http://www.glocom.ac.jp / 


Mission 

| 

Historv 

Projects 

Staff 

Contact 

Publications 


Mission 

The IUJ Research Institute was formed on April 1st, 1997 with the mission of conducting and 
encouraging research with a specific Asia Pacific emphasis. The institute's intention is to 
stimulate interest into the broad range of issues that relate to the future of Asia Pacific and to 
prepare for the advent of the coming 'Pacific Age’. From its location in Japan the Institute is well 
placed to promote research on the critical issues of our time that involve Japan and its future, as 
well as its role in the wider Asia-Pacific region. Such issues include: 

• Japanese politics, economics and business. 

• APEC, ASEAN and the politics and economics of the Asia Pacific. 

• Globalization and business trends in the Asia Pacific Region. 

• Japan's political and economic role in the Asia Pacific Region. 

• Japan-US trade and security relations. 

• The culture, politics and society of the Middle East and its significance for Japan. 


History 

The Institute was formed from the amalgamation of four research institutes that had been established previously 
within the university. 

Center for Japan-U.S. Relations was established in 1985 for the purpose of research on Japan-U.S. 
relations. It published the bilingual journal Outlook and was active in holding seminars and organizing 
research projects on issues related to Japan and Japan-U.S. relations. 

Institute of Middle Eastern Studies was established in 1985 to encourage interest in the society, 
culture and politics of the Middle East. It published a journal (entitled Maydan) in Japanese. 


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International University of Japan - Research Institutes 


http://www.iuj.ac.jp/research/ 


International Management Research Institute was established in 1988 to conduct research in 
business, finance and management related subjects. 

Research Institute for Asian Development was established in 1991 to conduct research specifically on 
Asian development and Asian related subjects. It produced a bilingual journal (entitled RIAD Bulletin) 
and a newsletter. 


Current Projects 

Redefmition of the Critical Issues and Cooperation between Japan and the United States in East Asia 
(funded by the Japan Foundation Center for Global Partnership) 

Asia-Pacific Regionalism: Trans-border Economic Activity and Framework for New Security (funded by 
the Japan Private School Promotion Foundation) 

The Studies on Formation of Mediterranean Commercial Cities (by Grant-in-Aid of Ministry of 
Education) 

Trade Industrialization and the Environment in the Asia-Pacific Region (funded by the Institute of 
Advanced Studies, United Nations University) 


Staff 

Director 

Leszek Buszynski Ph.D. [London School of Economics and Political Science, 1980] 

Research Interests 

o Asia-Pacific Regionalism 
O Russia and the Asia-Pacific Region 
Books 

O Russian Foreign Policy After the Cold War, Praeger, 1996. 

O Gorbachev and South East Asia, Routledge, 1992. 
o The Soviet Union and South East Asia, Croom Helm, 1986. 

O S.E.A.T.O.: The Failure of an Alliance Strategy, Singapore University Press, 1983. 

Research Staff 

Tomohito Shinoda Ph.D. [Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies, the Johns Hopkins 
University, 1994] 

Research Interests 

o Japanese Politics 
o Japan-U.S. Relations 
Books 

O Kantei no Kenryoku [Power of the Prime Minister's Office], Chikuma Shinsho, 1996. 

O Sori Daijin no Kenryoku to Shidoryoku [The Prime Minister's Power and Leadership], Toyo 
Keizai Shinpo-sha, 1994. 

O America Gikai wa Robii Suru [Lobbying U.S. Congress: Japan-U.S. Relations within 
Washington], Japan Times, 1989. 

Hideko Sakurai M.A. [International University of Japan, 1985] 

Tom Hayes M.A. [University of South Carolina, 1985] 


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International University of Japan - Research Institutes 


http://www.iuj.ac.jp/research/ 


Contact 


E-mail contact: 

Office of Research Institutes 

Imai . Kazumi 
Nakaiima . Fumiko 


Publications 

IUJ Research Institute will be publishing a series of Working Papers, Monographs, and other 
papers by researchers in our fields of study. Full details will be available here shortly. 


Top of Page 


[IUJ Home Page | About IUJ | Academic Programs | Campus Directory | Contact Information | 



© 1997 International University of Japan 
webmaster@.iui.ac.ip 


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U.S. and Canadian East Asian Departments 


http://www.columbia.edu/cu/ealac/eadepts.html 


Columbia University 

Department of East Asian Languages & Cultures 

To_Columbia University Department of East Asian Languages and Cultures home page 

U.S. and Canadian East Asian Studies 
Departments on the Web 

The following is an extensive, but by no means all-inclusive, list. Please send additions and corrections to EALAC web 
manager Ned Walsh ( eew3@columbia.edu h Other useful resources include: 

American universities on the web 

Canadian universities on the web 

International list of colleges and universities on the web 

Peterson's Education Center - four-year colleges offering degrees in East Asian Studies 

Graduate Programs in Asian Philosophy and Religion 

Internet Guide for China Studies: Academic Institutions 

Japanese Programs at Universities within the U.S. 

Korean Studies Programs in the U.S. 



Amherst College: Department of Asian Languages and Civilizations 

Arizona State University: Asian Studies 

Augustana College: Chinese Department 
Aueustana College: Asian Studies Department 

Augustana College: Japanese Department 

Bard College: Asian Studies 

Bates College: Department of German. Russian, and East Asian Languages and Literatures 

Baylor University: Division of French. Italian and Chinese 

Baylor University: Division of German. Russian, and Japanese 

Beloit College: Modem Languages and Literatures 

Boston University: Department of Modem Foreign Languages and Literatures 

Boston University: Japanese Language and Literature Program 

Bowdoin College: Asian Studies 

Bowling Green State University: Asian Studies Program 

Brown University: Department of East Asian Studies 

Brvn Mawr College: East Asian Studies 

Bucknell University: East Asian Studies Department 

California State University. Sacramento: Asian Studies Program 

California State University. Long Beach: Department of Asian and Asian American Studies (Gopher) 

Carleton College: Asian Languages and Literatures Department 

Carleton University: Asian. Indigenous. Middle Eastern, and Sign Language Courses 

Case Western Reserve University: Asian Studies Program 

Christopher Newport University: Department of Modem and Classical Languages and Literatures 

Colhv College: East Asian Studies Department 

Colgate University: Department of East Asian Languages and Literatures 

College of the Holy Cross: Modem Languages and Literature Department 

College of William and Marv: Modem Languages and Literatures 

College of Wooster: Cultural Area Studies at Wooster 

Columbia University: Department of East Asian Languages and Cultures 

Cornell University: East Asia Program 

Dartmouth College: Department of Asian and Middle Eastern Languages and Literatures 

DePauw University: Asian Studies Department 

Dirk-inson College: Department of East Asian Studies 

Duke University: Asian and African Languages and Literature 

Duke University: Asian/Pacific Studies Institute 

Earlham College: Japan Information Center 


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U.S. and Canadian East Asian Departments 


http://www.columbia.edu/cu/ealac/eadepts.html 


Florida State University: Division of Oriental Languages 

Furman University: Department of Asian Studies 
George Washington University: East Asian Studies Program 

Georgetown Univeristv: East Asian Languages 

Hamilton College: Asian Studies 
Hamline University: Chinese Department 
Harvard University Chinese Language Program 

Haverford College: East Asian Studies 

Indiana University: Department of East Asian Languages and Cultures 

Indiana University: The East Asian Studies Center 

Johns Hopkins University: East Asian Studies 

Kenyon College: Asian Studies Program 

Lake Forest College: Department of Foreign Languages and Literatures: Japanese 

Lawrence University: Department of East Asian Languages and Cultures 

Lewis & Clark College: East Asian Studies 

Long Island University. Southampton College: Friends World Program: 

Macalester College: Updates 1995: Japanese Program 

McGill University: Department of East Asian Studies 

Middle Tennessee State University: Dept, of Foreign Languages and Literatures - Less Commonly Taught Languages 

Middleburv College: Program in East Asian Studies (classes of'97-'99J 
Middleburv College: International Studies Major: East Asian Studies (classes of'98 on) 

Middleburv College: Chinese School 

Middleburv College: Japanese School 
Mount Holyoke College: Asian Studies Program 

New York University: Program in East Asian Studies 

Occidental College: Asian Studies 

Ohio State University: Department of East Asian Languages and Literatures 

Oklahoma City University: Asian Studies at Oklahoma City University 

Pacific University: Asian Studies 

Pe pperdine University: International Studies Program/Asian Studies 

Pitzer College: Asian American Studies Department 

Pomona College: Department of Asian Languages and Literatures 

Princeton University: East Asian Studies Department 

Reed College: Chinese Department 
Rice University: Asian Studies Program 

Rutgers University: Asian Studies Program 

St. John's College. Santa Fe: Graduate Program in Eastern Classics 

St. John's University: Institute of Asia Studies 

St. Lawrence University: Asian Studies at St. Lawrence 

St. Olaf College: Asian Studies Program 

San Diego State University: Asian Studies 

San Francisco State University: Department of Foreign Languages and Literatures 

Seton Hall University: Department of Asian Studies 

Stanford University: Center for East Asian Studies 

State University of New York. Binghamton Univeresitv: Asian and Asian-American Studies 

State University of New York. University at Albany: East Asian Studies Department 

State University of New York. University at Buffalo: World Languages Institute-SUNY Buffalo 

Temple University: Asian Studies Program 

Trinity University: Department of Modem Languages and Literatures - Chinese Program 

Tufts University: Department of German. Russian and Asian Languages and Literature 

Union College: East Asian Studies 

University of Alaska. Fairbanks: Asian Studies Program 

University of Arizona: Department of East Asian Studies 

University of British Columbia: Institute of Asian Research 

University of British Columbia: Department of Asian Studies 

University of Calgary: Asian Studies Group 

University of Calgarv: Department of Germanic. Slavic and East Asian Studies 

University of California. Berkeley: Department of East Asian Languages 

University of California. Los Angeles: Department of East Asian Languages and Cultures 

University of California. San Diego: Chinese History 


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U.S. and Canadian East Asian Departments 


http://www.columbia.edu/cu/ealac/eadepts.html 


University of California: Program in Japanese Studies 

University of Chicago: Department of East Asian Languages and Civilizations 

University of Colorado at Boulder: East Asian Languages and Literatures Department 
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign: Department of East Asian Languages and Cultures 

University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign: Center for East Asian and Pacific Studies 

University of Iowa: Department of Asian Languages and Literature 

University of Maryland. College Park: Department of Asian and East European Languages and Cultures 

University of Massachusetts. Amherst: Department of Asian Languages and Literatures 

University of Massachusetts Boston: Program in East Asian Studies 

University of Michigan: Center for Chinese Studies 

University of Michigan: Center for Japanese Studies 

University of Michigan. Ann Arbor: Department of Asian Languages and Cultures 

University of Michigan: Korean Studies Program 

University of Minnesota: East Asian Studies Program 

University of Montana-Missoula: Asian Studies Program 

University of New Mexico: Japanese Program 

University of New Mexico: Chinese Program 

University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill: Curriculum in Asian Studies 

University of Oregon: Center for Asian and Pacific Studies 

University of Pennsylvania: Department of Asian and Middle Eastern Studies 

University of Pittsburgh: Department of East Asian Languages and Literatures 

University of Puget Sound: Asian Studies Program 

University of Redlands: Asian Studies Program 

University of San Francisco: Master of Arts in Asia Pacific Liberal Studies 

University of Southern California: East Asian Studies Center 
University of Texas at Austin: Center and Department of Asian Studies 

University of Toronto: Department of East Asian Studies 

University of Utah: Japanese 

University of Vermont: Asian Studies Program 

University of Victoria: Asia-Pacific Bridge 
University of Victoria: Centre for Asia-Pacific Initiatives 

University of Virginia: Division of Asian and Middle Eastern Languages and Cultures 

University of Washington: Department of Asian Languages and Literature 
University of Wisconsin-Madison: Department of East Asian Languages and Literature 

University of Wisconsin-Madison: East Asian Studies Program 

Vassar College: Japanese Information 

Washington and Lee University: Department of East Asian Languages and Literatures 

Washington and Lee University: East Asian Studies Program 

Washington State University: Department of Co mparative American Cu ltures - Asian/Pacific American Studies 

Washington University: Department of Asian and Near Eastern Languages and Literatures 

Wavne State University: Department of Near Eastern and Asian Studies 

Wellesley College: Chinese Department 

Wellesley College: Japanese Department 

Weslevan University: East Asian Studies Program 

Western Washington University: Center for East Asian Studies 

Wheaton College. Massachusetts: Asian Studies 

Whitman College: Japanese at Whitman 

Whitman College: Asian Studies Program 
Williams College: Department of Asian Studies 

Wittenberg University: East Asian Studies Program 

Yale University: Council on East Asian Studies 

Yale University. Yale College: Department of East Asian Languages and Literatures 

Yale University. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences: Department of East Asian Languages and Literatures 

York University: Department of Languages. Literatures and Linguistics - Japanese 


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i The Harvard Korean Studies Bibliographic Data Base 


http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~korbib/ 


Bibliography 

/> 07& 


Fill-OUt forms: f Article] [Book] [Edited Book] [Thesis! fChapter 1 fReview] 
[Submitting Titles of Translations! 


[An excerpt from our last Newsletter, Vol. 3, No. 1, January 1997] 

Korea Institute 

Harvard University 


The HARVARD KOREAN STUDIES 
BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATA BASE project is 

nearing completion! The compilers of the bibliography, led by 
Frank Hoffmann, with Kirk Larsen, and Matt Christensen, are nearly finished 
with collecting and entering bibliographic information for a general Korean 
studies bibliography of publications in Western languages. 

This data base will be published by the Korea Institute in CD-ROM format for use 
with both Macintosh and IBM-compatible platforms. The expected date of 
publication is mid-1997. 

The bibliography will include upwards of 60,000 titles of books, articles, theses, 
book reviews, and book chapters on topics related to Korea. Although the data base 
is devoted primarily to secondary sources, it will also include translations of Korean 
literature. Furthermore, the data base will not be limited to English language entries 
but will also include titles in major Western languages including French, German, 
Czech, Danish, Italian, Hungarian and others. Languages that use non-Roman 
alphabets (such as Russian) will be excluded from the first edition of the 
bibliography, but may be included in future editions. 

In order to create a comprehensive and user-friendly bibliographic tool for use by scholars 
and students interested in any aspect of Korean studies, we will make no judgments 
regarding the "quality" of included sources. It is the nature of such a project that it is never 
fully complete in the sense of including all published works. Still, by including as many 
sources as possible, we hope to create a very inclusive resource for research and teaching 
about Korea. The data base will save students and scholars literally hundreds of hours by 
bringing together in one place a list of titles that is both searchable and the most 
comprehensive to date. Moreover, it will be able to grow with the field: periodic upgrades to 
account for new publications can be made at any time in the future. 

The CD itself will include a freeware bibliography program that is user-friendly while 
also allowing sophisticated searches. For example, users will be able to limit their searches 
by publication format (e.g., only books, articles, dissertations, etc.), publication dates (e.g., 
all titles published between 1945 and 1947), language of publication (e.g., French and 

German titles onlv! author (e a Y author hut not V author! ioumal title (e a ioumak Y 


N 

E 

W 

S 

L 

E 

T 

T 

E 

R 


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The Harvard Korean Studies Bibliographic Data Base 


http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~korbib/ 


- — J J V'”0‘5 ' * ---- 

and Y, but not Z), etc. Furthermore, it will be possible to search by keyword the entire text of 
all entries or to limit the search to a specific field (i.e. author, publisher, title, keywords, 
etc.). Users will also be able to print search results in most standard bibliographic styles 
including ML A, Chicago, Author-Date, Turabian, etc. 

Assistance and information from numerous sources were generously given, and the 
Institute gratefully acknowledges the invaluable expertise of many specialized colleagues. 

The project is nearing completion and we would like to thank you for your support and 
cooperation! We hope that this bibliographic data base will make a significant contribution 
to research in the Korean studies field. Keep an eye out for future announcements regarding 
this CD-ROM in the next issue of the Korea Institute Newsletter, or check our web site at 
http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~korbib/ [this page!]. 


NOTE: You may still submit titles using the Web forms below. 


Harvard Korea Institute 


Korean Studies Page 


Submitting Titles of Translations 

You will not find any special forms for translations of Korean literature on this Web page. 
Please treat (a) poems, stage plays, radio plays, short stories, essays, etc., as "articles" if 
published in a journal or newspaper. (At present we do not include articles from newspapers 
and weeklies; however, we will include translations of Korean literature published in 
newspapers and weeklies if someone submitts such information to us.) Please enter (b) 
bibliographic data for published book translations under the "book" or "edited book" 
categories. 


YOUR NAME j_ ~ _1 & E-MAIL f_ 

(optional) (optional) 

TYPE: [Info] r Article ] [ Book ] [ Edited Book ] [ Th esis] [ Chapter ] [ Review ] 

Article 

last, f irst _ 

AUTHOR (S) l _ _ ........._.... 

TITLE |_ _ __ _. .. ...... 

JOURNAL J_ _ _ 

year j .. 1 


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The Harvard Korean Studies Bibliographic Data Base 


http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~korbib/ 


VOLUME \ 1 -> If only month or season is given, write these in numbers: e.g., March=3; Fall 


-> If volume or issue no. is not given, enter whole number. 


ISSUE 

I - 

ZJ 




last, first 


PAGES 

i 

■.1 

(if translation:) 

TRANSLATOR 



LANGUAGE: 

O 

Czech O Danish O Dutch 

(•) English 

O Finnish O French 


O 

Hungarian O 

Italian O 

Polish 

O Swedish O Other (use 

" REM 

REMARKS : 

I 







(Use "Tab" to 

jump 

to the next field.) 

[ 

Submit | 

I and 

then | __ clear form 

f o: 


YOUR NAME 

(optional) 




& 


E-MAIL 



(optional) 


TYPE: (I nfo ] [ Article ] [ Book ] [ Edited Book ] [ Thesis ] [ Chapter ] [ Review ] 

Book 


last, first 


AUTHOR(S) 





TITLE 





SERIES+NOJ 





CITY 





PUBLISHER [ 



2J > 


YEAR 


& EDITION I 

(if not 1st) 


NO. OF VOLUMES | "“ 1 (if more than one) 

last, first 


NO. OF PAGES 

f 

L 

(if translation:) TRANSLATOR ■ 


LANGUAGE: O 

o 

Czech O Danish O Dutch ® English G Finnish Q French 
Hungarian O Italian O Polish Q Swedish O Other (use -rem 


REMARKS: \ _ 

(Use "Tab" to jump to the next field.) 


Submit 


• • 


and 



clear 


-! 

form j 


f o: 


YOUR NAME 

(optional) 


_ & E-MAIL [ 

(optional) 


TYPE : f lnfo ] [ Article ] [ Book ] [ Edited Book ] [Thesis ] [ Chapter ] [ Review ] 

Edited Book 


3 of 6 


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The Harvard Korean Studies Bibliographic Data Base 


http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~korbib/ 


last, first 

EDITOR(S) |_ 

TITLE !_ 

SERIES+NO.[_ 


CITY 







PUBLISHER [ 





J-> 

YEAR 

I 



& EDITION 

(if not 

1st) 

NO. OF 

VOLUMES 


(if more than 

one) 

last, first 

NO. OF 

PAGES 



J 

translation:) 

TRANSLATOR ! 


LANGUAGE: O Czech O Danish O Dutch 0 English O Finnish O French 
O Hungarian O Italian O Polish O Swedish O Other (use "REM 
REMARKS : }_ ^ g ___ _ 

(Use "Tab" to jump to the next field.) [ Subini^t J and then | _ c form j foi 


YOUR NAME : ____1 & E-MAIL \ _ 

(optional) (optional) 

TYPE : [Info] [Article ) [Bpok] ( Edited Book ) f Thesis ) ( Chapter ) ( Review ) 

Thesis 

Do not submit data of theses available from University Microfilms International (UMI). 

last, first ^ „. m 

AUTHOR (S) I __ _ ___ _ __ __ _ 

TITLE I_ 


UNIVERSITY 


DEGREE 

\ 





(Ph.D. diss., 

M.A. thesis, memoire de maitrise, e 

YEAR 

p. J: 

• 







NO. OF 

VOLUMES 

(if more 

than one) 



last, first 

NO. OF 

PAGES 

r 

l 

(if translation:) 

TRANSLATOR 

1 


LANGUAGE: O Czech Q Danish O Dutch 0 English O Finnish O French 
o Hungarian O Italian O Polish O Swedish O Other (use "REM 

REMARKS: I ... . 

(Use "Tab" to jump to the next field.) „ J 3.nd then I . . C ^ ear . ^ orm foi 


4 of 6 


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The Harvard Korean Studies Bibliographic Data Base 


http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~korbib/ 


YOUR NAME j_ " _] & E-MAIL [ 

(optional) (optional) 


TYPE : [ Info ] [ Article l ( Book ) ( Edited Book ! ( Thesis ! ( Chapter 1 ( Review ! 

Book Chapter 


Chapter: last, first 


AUTHOR(S) 

r~ 




TITLE 

i 




PAGES 

r- 

i 

(if translation:) TRANSLATOR ; 



Book: 

last, first last, first 



AUTHORS 

I 




or EDITOR( 

S)| 




TITLE 





SERIES+NO. 

r 




CITY 

r 




PUBLISHER 



- > 


YEAR 

l 

St EDITION ; 1 (if not 1st) 



LANGUAGE: 

O 

Czech O Danish O Dutch (•> English O Finnish 

O Frenc 


O 

Hungarian O Italian Q Polish 0 Swedish 

O Other (use - 

REMARKS: 

r 

i 





(Use "Tab" to jump to the next field.) | Su b lTlit j cind then c clear form J f Q ; 


YOUR NAME 

(optional) 

TYPE: 

Book R< 

Book: 

AUTHOR(S) 


& E-MAIL 


(optional) 


or EDITOR(S)£ 
TITLE 
YEAR 

Review: 

REVIEWER 
JOURNAL 
YEAR 
VOLUME 


view 

last, first 

(Info! (Article! (Book! (Edited Book! (Thesis! (Chapter! (Review! 

i 




i 

1=1 


1 _ 



l .. 




-> If only month or season is given, write these in numbers: e.g., March=3; F 


■> If volume or issue no. is not given, enter whole number. 


5 of 6 


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The Harvard Korean Studies Bibliographic Data Base 


http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~korbib/ 


ISSUE 
PAGES 
LANGUAGE: 

(of review) 



last, first 


f 1 (if translation:) TRANSLATOR j 

O Czech O Danish O Dutch 0 English O Finnish O Frenc 
O Hungarian O Italian O Polish O Swedish O Other (use "REt 


REMARKS: |_ 

(Use "Tab" to jump to the next field.) 


[ Submit 1 and then | ^clear form ] fo: 



Korean Studies Page 


0 - 0 =- 


Harvard Korea Institute 



6 of 6 


08/18/97 01:15:41 
















DPRK Special 


http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~hoffrnann/DPRK.html 


DPRK Special 




LINKS 

• CEAL; North Korea 

• Asian Studies WWW Virtual Library: North Korea 

• DPRK Links (KimsofD 

NEWS 

• News (Korean Central News Agency) (... official North Korean 
views, via JAPAN) 

• The People's Korea (from Japan) 

• Vantage Point (... official South Korean views) 

• Recent issues of Asiaweek about North Korea 

• The Washington Post about North Korea 

• Associated Press (AP) about North Korea 

• The Far Eastern Economic Review about North Korea (NAME & 
PASSWORD: "Korea") 

• Le Monde diplomatique about Coree du Nord 

REFERENCE 

• Pukhan paekkwa 

• North Korea: A Country Study (Library of Congress; ed. by: 
Andrea M. Savada) 

• [South Korean] Handbook on North Korea 11996) 

• The Who's Who of North Korea (Seoul Sinmunsa) 

• Topics on North Korea 

• Teachersoft World Atlas 

• Maps of North Korea 


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1996[H^”^F 

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WIS|te2(-5SS-Sa'7gSEa 






mam 

ann's article onJM 


• CIA World Fact Book 1996 

• North Korea in CIA publications 

• World Tables of Economic and Social Indicators. 1950-1992: DPRK 


FLOODS & HUMANITARIAN AID 

• News about Floods and Humanitarian Aid 

• The Internet Campaign to Help North Korean Flood Victims 

• Campaign to Stop Famine in North Korea 

MISCELLANY 

• 'Contacts International' (Business Info site) 

• DPRK. Human Rights Practices (U.S. Dept, of State) 

• Human Rights in North Korea (amnesty international) 

• Human Rights in North Korea (Derechos Human Rights) 

• The Prospects for Energy Efficiency Improvements in the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea: Evaluating and 

Exploring the Options (Nautilus Institute) 


BYE-BYE 


... any comments or interesting links to be included on this page? 


Your e-mail address: 


of 2 


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DPRK Special 


http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~hoffrnann/DPRK.htmJ 



2 of 2 


08/18/97 01:17:27 









1. Korean Studies Page (6) 


http://www.fas.harvard.edU/~hoffmann/6.html 


tl ffff)tU(£l6S 'iSafg 

Frank Hoffmann, E-Mail: hoffmannfas.harvard edu 

home 

Library Gateway 

Bibliography 

• HYTELNET — Worldwide Telnet & WWW Links to Library Catalogs 

• Library Resources on the Internet 

• Library Catalogs Worldwide (It (DBI-LINK) 

• Library Catalogs Worldwide (2) (SWB) 

• Library Catalogs Worldwide 131 (libweb) 

• Interesting Book-related Web Sites 

O BookWire Index (links to booksellers, publishers, libraries, other book resources) 
o AMAZON.COM 

Very useful (commercial) online bookstore ~ does not only allow you to access its U.S. Books in Print catalog with 
over one million titles, it also gives you the option to be notified (via e-mail) about each and every new book by a 
certain author, about a certain subject, or with certain words in the title. (Click on "notify me" after doing a search.) 

• CEAL (East Asian Internet Academic & Library Resources) (links) 

• East Asian Libraries Cooperative World-Wide Web (links) 

O Korean Studies (links) 

IN KOREA: 

• Library Catalogs & Information Systems (most comprehensive list!) 

• Kor-Seek Search: Korean Library related Resources (links) 

O Korean National Library / Kungnip Chungang Tosogwan 

■ Search 

■ Dissertation Abstracts 

■ Serials 

■ Korean Classics 

O Seoul National University fSNU). Chungang Tosogwan (Solars! 

O Yonsei University. Graduate School Theses Index 

O Korvo Taehakkvo. Tosogwan (LOGIN: "infosci") 

O Inha Taehakkvo. Tosogwan (USERNAME + PASSWORD: "inhacat") 
o Yongnam Taehakkvo. Chungang Tosogwan 
O Hallim Taehakkvo. Tosogwan (USERNAME: "hulis") 
o Kvongbuk Taehakkvo. Chung an g Tosogwan (LOGIN: "guest") 
o Ch’ungbuk Taehakkvo. Tosogwan 

o Kongsong Taehakkvo. Chungang Tosogwan (LOGIN: "kulis") 

O Kyemyong Taehakkvo. Tongsan Tosogwan 

O Pohang University of Science and Technology fPOSTECH) (LOGIN + USERNAME: "book") 

O The National Assembly Library / Kukhoe Tosogwan (WWW - description only) 

ELSEWHERE: 

• USA - A (by category) & B (by state) 

O A Guide to Korean Collections in North America (by: Yoon-whan Choe) 

O The Korean Collections Consortium of North America 

O U.S. Holdings of Kvujanggak Collection on Microfilm 

O East Asian Librarianship find. KOREA) 

o Library of Congress and its LOCIS system (Korean collection: -130,000) 

O HOLLIS (Harvard On-Line Library Information System) (Korean collection: -83,000) 

■ HU (HOLLIS Union Catalog) 

O HOLLIS Plus (Harvard) -> Most (but not all) of the following HOLLIS PLUS resources (marked with an asterisk) 


of 3 


05/26/97 19:22:47 



















































1. Korean Studies Page (6) 


http://www.fas.harvard.edU/~hoffmann/6.html 





require a "telnet" connection and an ID# 

■ HOLLIS Plus, alphabetically 

■ HOLLIS Plus, by S u b j e c t 

■ Search ERIC via Web or telnet 

■ UMI: Periodicals & Journal Articles 

■ Archives USA 

■ JSTOR Journal Collection (!!!I (searchable) —> More Info 

■ MEDLINE search 

■ *RLG Bibliographic File (lists more than 22 million books, etc. in the U.S.) 

■ *Books in Print (U.S.) 

■ *Dissertation Abstracts (UMD 

■ *Newspaper Abstracts 

■ *World News Connection 

■ * Avery Index to Architectural Periodicals 

■ *MLA Bibliography 

■ *Russian Academy of Sciences Bibliography 

■ *U.S. Government Periodicals Index 

O Korean History Bibliography (searchable, in KOREAN language, at Hong-Ik University) 

O Korean History: A Bibliography (compiled by: Kenneth R. Robinson) 

A selected bibliography of ENGLISH language publications on Korea, lists roughly 5,000 titles -- about 60% articles 
and book chapters & 40% books. 

O PCI (Periodicals Contents Index, 1770-1991) 

o CARLweb — *' > 

CARL web is a new Web side by KnightRidder. 

Aside from its commercial databases such as ERIC, 

Books in Print, Periodical Abstracts (for which you have 
to pay, need a password) this side also offers free access 
to a number of public and university library catalogs as 
well as the U.S. Government Publications database. It 
also includes a TEST version of the CJK Database 
(Chinese/ Japanese/ Korean script), and a Web version of 
Carl UnCover which includes bibliographic information 
on over 6,000 Korea related articles. 

O University’ of Washington (Korean collection: -54,000) 

—> More Info 

O U.C. Berkeley. Korean Collection & Search via 

Melwl and Gladis Databases (Korean collection: 

-42,000) (Melvyl and Gladis Databases show holdings for all nine UC campuses and other libraries.) 

O University of Hawaii (Korean collection: -39,000) 

O Columbia University (Korean collection: -38,000) 

O New York Public Library (Korean collection: -21,000) 

O University of Southern California Library and its Korean Heritage Library (Korean collection: -20,000) 

O Princeton University (Korean collection: -11,000) 

O Indiana University (Korean collection: -11,000) 

O University of Chicago (Horizon! (Korean collection: -10,000) 

Center for Research Libraries (CRL) — > Info 
O Yale University fORBISl (Korean collection: -8,000) 

O Stanford University 
O Cornell University 

O University of Oregon (Korean collection: -3,500) 

O MIT (BARTON) 

• Asia and Australia 

O Conspectus Report for Korean Library Collections in Australia 

O National Library of Australia 

O Australian National University Library (LOGIN: "library") 

o Monash University via W WW or telnet ~> Korean Studies Research Library, INFO 

• Europe 

O UK 

■ COPAC (COPAC provides centralized access to the online catalogs of some of the largest university libraries 


w lifted all a vsifo hie date fit 

1. Hold dovn the CTRL or apple key and click to 
select up to 3 databases: 



2. Enter search terms: | Korea Painting) [ Enter 


i 2 of 3 


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1. Korean Studies Page (6) 


http://www.fas.harvard.edU/~hoffinann/6.html 


3 of 3 


in the UK — but not SOAS, U of Sheffield and Durham U.) 

■ British Library, ASIA and KOREA (Korean collection: ~11,000) (description only) 

■ SOAS, University of London (Korean collection: -12,000) 

■ University of Sheffield (Korean collection: -10,000) 

■ Scotland National Library 
O France & Belgium 

■ Bibliotheoue nationale de France (LOGIN: "bn-opale") 

■ Chinese/Japanese/Korean Bibliography. Institut d'Extreme-Orient. CNRS 

(Korean records will be added in 1997.) 

■ SIBIL ou Pancatalog 

■ Universite libre de Bruxelles 
O Italy 

O Germany (A) & (B) & (C) 

■ Deutsches Bibliotheksinstitut Berlin (BDI) -> logon 

■ Deutsche Bticherei Leipzig (USERNAME: "opac") 

■ Hamburger Verbundkatalog 

■ Universitat Hannover (USERNAME: "opc") 

■ Ruhr-Universitat Bochum (Korean collection: over 15,000) 

■ Universitat Tubing en (USERNAME & PASSWORD: "opac") (Korean collection: -15,000) 
O Gabriel - National Libraries Gateway 

O The Royal Library. Copenhagen (REX2I (Korean collection: -12,000) 
o Stockholms Universitet (LOGIN: "sub") 

O Bibliotheque nationale suisse 
O Czech National Library Gopher 

O Koninklijke Bibliotheek Holland (LOGIN: "OPC"; then choose: "1" for 'General catalog KB’) 
o Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana (LOGIN: "opac") 

O Joint Ircam-CNRS Library 
O Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa 

o Leiden University (USERNAME: "opc3") (Korean collection: -8,000) 

BYE-BYE 


... any comments or interesting links to be included on this page? 


Your e-mail address: 


|-> Comments -> 

Send Comment | (click only once!) 



05/26/97 19:22:56 









































1. Korean Studies Page (2) 


http://www.fas. harvard.edu/~hoffinann/2.htm] 


Qfbtudies^, 


Frank Hoffmann, E-Mail: hoffmann@fas.harvard.edu 



Korean Newspapers, etc. 


IN KOREAN: 

• Choson ilbo 

News Search (all articles since January 1993 !) 
==» The 'Choson ilbo’ about this Web page! 

• Tonga ilbo 

News Search 

• Chungang ilbo (click on 'Onurui Chungang ilbo') 

News Search 


1 of 3 


08/18/97 01:18:25 


















1. Korean Studies Page (2) 


http://www.fas.harvard.edU/~hoffrnann/2.htmI 


• Han'guk ilbo 

• Maeil sinmun (Taegu) 

• Seoul Sinmun News Net 

Seoul sinmun 

• Han’gvore sinmun 

• Kvonghvang sinmun 

• Pusan ilbo 

• Taejon ilbo 

• Kwangju ilbo 

• Taejon ilbo 

• Mudung ilbo (Honam) 

• Munhwa ilbo 

• Han'guk kvongje sinmun 

• Il gan muvok 

• Seoul kvongje sinmun 

• Pudongsan kvongje sinmun 

• Sisa chonol [News Journal] & back issues 

• Han'gvore 21 

• Minjok sibo (Japan) 

• Ssine 21 (Cinema) 

• Nvusumeik'o [Newsmaker] 

• Nvusu p’ip'ul [News & People] 

• Miju Choson / Chosun U.S.A. News 

• Hvonjangeso miraerul (Korean Institute for Labor Studies & 
Policy) 

• Computer Magazines: 

Macworld (Korean ed.) 

P'uroguraem segve [Programming World] 
infoage 

Cvber Post Journal 
Computer & New Media 
Chonja sinmun [Electronic News] 

• Fashion & Entertainment & Sports: 

TV chonol [TV Journal] 

FreeZine 

Umak chonol [Music Journal] 

InterMusic 

Chic 

Feidi kvonghvang [Lady kyonghyang] 

Seoul Eve 

Marie Claire. Maison, ... 

InMagazine 

ma gazine X 

Il gan Sup'och’u [Daily Sports] 

Sup'och’u Seoul [Sports Seoul] 

Pvoruk siiang [Fleamarket] 


2 i 1 8 "110 8-2 1-9 7 


Time & Date in Korea 


/\_\ 


/: 

/: 

/:/ 

/:/ 

\/_ 


/\ _ \ 

/:/ / 
/:/ / . 


:/ / /\ \ 

/:/ / /::\ \ 

\/ _ / /:/\:\ \ 

/::\~\:\ \ 

/ : / \ : \ \ : N_\ 

\:\~\:\ \/ _ / 

\:\ \/_/ /\ZA 

\ : \ _ \ /:/ _/_ 

\/ _ / /:/ /\ _ \ 


/:/ /:/ _/ 

/:/_/:/ /\_\ 

\:\/:/ /:/ / 

/ _ 

\ : \/ : / / /\ \ 

\ : : / / / : : \ \ 

\/ _ / /:/\:\ \ 

_\ :\~\:\ \ 

/\ \:\ \:\ _ \ 

\:\ \:\ \/ _ / 

\:\ \ = \ _ \ 

\ : \ / : / / 

\ : : / / 
\/_/ 


IN ENGLISH & FRENCH: 

• The Korea Herald 

• The Korea Times 

• .loong-ang Daily News fChungang ilbo) 

• Choson ilbo - News in English 

• KCNR (Korean Central News Agency) 

• The People's Korea 

• IJCSD Electronic Newsletter: Korea (This seems to be restricted to UCSD folks.) 

• Daily Trade News (Ilgan muvok) 

• Korea Economic Weekly 

• Korea Business News 

• Korea Stocks Review (daily) 


2 of 3 


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1. Korean Studies Page (2) 


http://www.fas.harvard.edU/~hoffinann/2.html 


• Korean Overseas Information Service (KOIS): 

News on Korea (*****) 

Korea Window 

Gopher 

• Korea Web Weekly 

• Korea Report 

• Chosun U.S.A. News / Miju Choson 

• Vantage Point (... official South Korean views on North Korea) 

• The Far Eastern Economic Review about SOUTH & NORTH Korea (NAME & PASSWORD: "Korea") 

• Asiaweek about SOUTH & NORTH Korea 

• The Washington Post about SOUTH and NORTH Korea 

• The Associated Press about SOUTH and NORTH Korea 

• Le Monde diplomatique about Coree du SUP & Coree du NORD 

• South China Morning Post about Korea & Asia 

• The Granite Tower (Koryo Taehakkyo, monthly magazine) 

• Korean-American Science and Technology News 

• Korea Journal 

• Seoul Journal of Korean Studies 

• The Journal of Korean Studies 

• Korean Studies (Index & summaries only) 

• Journal of Asia Pacific 

bYE-Bye 


... any comments or interesting links to be included on this page? 


Your e-mail address: 


-> Comments 



Send Comment { (click only once!) | C lear Form j 


3 of 3 


08/18/97 01:18:31 




































W3C/ANU - Asian Studies - North Korea 


http://coombs. anu.edu. au/WWWVLAsian/N Korea.htm I 


The World-Wide Web Virtual Library 

[Alphabetical || Category Subtree || Library of Congress ] 


Asian Studies - North Korea 

[Est.: 24th March 1994. Last revised: 23 Jun 1997. This page is regularly updated. You are welcome to "anchor" to it from 
your own homepages. This facility is provided by the Australian National University (ANU). This month's additions are 
marked "***".] 


|| Asian Studies Home Pa^e || Global Resources || Regional Resources || Country Resources || About the AS WWW VL Project || Editors of the AS WWW VL 
|| Seven Golden Rules || Contents' Rating || Acknowledgements & Awards II Register New Resources || Send Feedback & Corrections || 


This document keeps track of leading information facilities for the North Korea section of the Asian Studies WWW Virtual 
Library . 

Please register new resources or mail coombsweb-news@coombs.anu.edu.au if you know of relevant WWW server not in this 
page or if you interested in maintaining a WWW VL page for a particular Asian country or geographical region. Conversely, 
please notify maintainers of this document if you feel that any of the URLs listed on this page is no longer good enough to be 
registered here. Your feed-back will be gratefully appreciated. 

Return to Asian Studies WWW VL (ANU,Australia) 

Go to resources index for East Asia (ANU,Australia) 

Go to What's New in WWW Asian Studies (ANU,Australia) 


North Korea 



Other Names & Abbreviations (past/present): North Korea; Korea, Democratic People’s Republic of; 

Choson-minjujuui-inmin-konghwaguk; (abbreviation) DPRK 

Status: Republic 

Capital: Pyongyang 

Internet Code: KP 

Information Resources 

Association for Korean Studies in Europe (U of Durham, England) 

[Inf. on the Association for Korean Studies in Europe: Council members, Constitution, past and future conferences, 
publications, Newsletters, and useful links] 

North Korea Page (U.Oregon, USA) 

[Coverage: Business/Economics, Environment, General, Govemment/Politics, Images, Language/Linguistics, Law, 
Maps, Military, Reference Tools, Science/Science Policy, Travel/Places] 

DPRK - North Korea (www.kunsoft.com,USA) 

[News, News Analyses & Commentaries, Geopolitics, Travel/Business info, Military, History, Misc.information] 
North Korea Energy & Environment Overview (www.eia.doe.gov,USA) 

[Energy country analysis briefs] 

Coree du Nord (www.ina.fr, France) 

[Articles from the French newspaper "Le Monde Diplomatique"] 





ASIAN 

STUDIES 

WWW 

VIRTUAL 

LIBRARY 


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W3C/ANU - Asian Studies - North Korea 


http://coombs.anu.edu.au/WWWVLAsian/NKorea.html 


6. North Korean News (Korean Central News Agency (KCNA), Japan) *** 

[The first official Nth Korean web site (est. Dec 1996). News by KCNA of Democratic People's Republic of Korea. 
Site contents: Today's News; Today's Photo; Past News & Photo; Introduction of KCNA; Feedback] 

7. Topics in Korean History (U.Calif.,Berkeley,USA) 

[Ancient History (pre-918 A.D.), Koryo Dynasty (918-1392), Choson Dynasty (1392-1910), Colonial Period 
(1910-1945), Liberation and the Korean War (1945-1953), Contemporary Korea (post-1953)] 

8. see also page Asian Studies - South Korea (ANU,Australia) *** 

Locating Related Web Resources 

For other hypertext links see The InfoSeek Net Search (www2.infoseek.com, US A) 

[The simplest and powerful tool to search the Web. Just type your question in plain English or enter words and phrases. 
If necessary, see Helpful Tips ] 


Search 


Clear 


Readers are invited to register with this Virtual Library all relevant networked resources. 


This WWW server is provided by the Coombs Computing Unit, Research Schools of Social Sciences & Pacific and Asian 
Studies at the Australian National University, Canberra. 

Maintainer: Dr T.Matthew Ciolek ( tmciolek@coombs.anu.edu.au l 

Copyright 1995, 1996, 1997 by Coombs Computing Unit, ANU. This Web page may be linked to any other Web pages. 
Contents may not be altered. 

URL http://coombs.anu.edu.au/WWWVLAsian/NKorea.html 
[ Asian Studies WWW VL ] [ Coombsweb ] [ Social Sciences WWW VL ] 




2 of 2 


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ANU Asian serials database home page 


http://www.anu.edu.au/Asia/AsSer.html 


THE AUSTRALIAN NATIONAL UNIVERSITY 

Asia-Pacific Cluster, Australian National University Library, Canberra, A.C.T. 0200, Australia 


Asian Serials Database 


This WWW document and its associated pages provides access to Tables of Contents of selected Chinese and Indonesian 
serials. Coverage is not comprehensive, however the database widens the availability of information on China and Indonesia . 

English spelling used throughout this database conforms to the Macquarie Dictionary standard. 

• Go to the Chinese Serials Database 

• Go to the Indonesian Serials Database 


Go to the Asian Studies WWW Virtual Library (ANU, Australia) 



Est.: 1 March 1995. Page last revised: 16 June 1997. 

This facility is provided by the Australian National University Library and the Centre for Networked Information and 
Publishing (CNIP), ANU. For background details of this information system see About the ASP Project page. 

This page is maintained by the Asia-Pacific Cluster, Australian National University Library, Canberra, A.C.T., Australia 0200. 
All correspondence should be addressed to Chinese.Serials@library.anu.edu.au (China), 
Indonesian.Serials@librarv.anu.edu.au (Indonesia) or to the above address. 

URL http://www.anu.edu.au/Asia/AsSer.html 

Copyright © 1995-1997 by The Australian National University. This page may be linked to any other Web page(s.) Contents 
may not be altered. 


1 of 1 


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North Korea: NEWS 


http://darkwing.uorego...ing/kstuff/nknews.html 



NORTH KOREA 

NEWS & NEWSPAPERS 


W&mm 

Last updated: January 29,1997 


□ 


□ 

□ 

□ 

□ 

□ 

□ 


The following news source is from ClariNet, a subscription daily news service with news feeds from Reuters 
and AP. In order to read ClariNet news, your organization or institution must have a subscription. The 
content of the news is indicated by its news group name; in this case: clari. world, asia koreas 
DPRK — Democratic People's Republic of Korea 

North Korean News -- (from Seoul Daily News Net) 

KCNA (Daily) Official North Korean News 

South Korean Press on North Korea 

View Articles on North Korea — (TIMESNET) 

Washington Post: North Korea 


GO TO: fN. Korea Pagel 


comnunts to: felsing@oreeon.uoregon.edu 
(c) 1997 


1 Of 1 


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http://w w\v2 .ha wai i. edu/korea/korea_links. htm 


http://www2.hawaii.edu/korea/korea_links.htm 



Korea on the Internet 


As you know, "links-pages" are always a work in progress. If you come across any other sites that should be included here 
please E-mail me . I will try to keep these links update and current but your help is appreciated in pointing out outdated links or 
new ones that should be included. Thanks. 

Viewing han’gul on the internet. 

1. FAQs (Frequently Asked Questions) 

O Hangul on the Internet FAQ 

2. Hangul Programs 

O Unionwav Asian Suite 

O Hanmesoft for Windows 

Web Sites 

1. Korea 

o Yahoo Search Engine. http://www.yahoo.com/Regional/Countries/ . You can search by country name or scroll 
down a list of pre-searched countries. Both South Korea and North Korea are included here. 

o Korea Web Weekly, http://www.kimsoft.com/ This site contains editorials, news stories, and links to other 
Korea related internet services. 

O Council on East Asian Libraries (CEAL). http://darkwing.uoregon.edu/~felsing/ceal/welcome.html/ 

Comprehensive site containing information and East Asia sorted by country, information CEAL committee, and 
links to library resourses. 

o Gateway to World History. http://library/ccsu/ctstat.edu/~history/world history/ provides resources to 

support the study and teaching of world history and history in general. Included are historical sources and links 
regarding Korea. 

O Korean Studies Page http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~hoffmann/ contains hundreds of links to Korea related 
internet sources, journals, newspapers, etc. 

O World FactBook 1995 http://www.odci.gov/cia/publications/95fact/index.html countains facts and figures for 
countries around the world. Included are North and South Korea. 

O KOREAlink. http://www.korealink.co.kr/ 

2. Korean Newspapers 

o Chosun Daily News, http://www.chosun.com/ 

O The Korea Times, http://www.korealink.co.kr/times/times.htm 

3. North Korea 

O North Korea Information and Links 

O Korean News /Korean Central News Agency) 

O The Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK1 Welcomes You! 

4. Asia Related 

5. Sites of Interest at the University of Hawaii 


Email lists 

• Korean-studies Discussion List . 

• H-Asia Discussion group . 


1 of 2 


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http://www2.hawaii.edu/korea/korea_links.htm 


http://www2.hawaii.edu/korea/korea_links.htm 


Newsgroups 


English 


Korean 


[ CKS Home Page ! [ CKS Brochure ] [ Journal and Publications ] [Korea on the Internet] [ Korean History: A Bibliography ] 
[ Bulletin Board ! [ Library ] 


Page created by S.L. Austin. 

Comments and Suggestions welcome. 

This page was last updated: April 21, 1994 


2 of 2 


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About JDC 


http://lcweb.loc.gov/rr/jdc/about.html 


Japan Documentation Center (JDC) 


< Prev 1 1 ^ ext > | 


About the JDC 


The Japan Documentation Center (JDC) was established in 1992 as a joint project between the Library of 
Congress and the Center for Global Partnership of the Japan Foundation. In line with the Library's 
mission, the JDC serves the information needs of the U.S. Congress, particularly the need for current 
policy information produced in Japan. The JDC is also an international resource, providing reference 
service to researchers in Federal government agencies, academia, and the commercial and industrial 
sector; university and independent research libraries; and the general public. The concentration of the 
Center on collecting "grey literature," which is unpublished and difficult to obtain, makes its resources 
and services incomparably unique. 

The JDC began its operations in March 1994 and provides an important information and document 
delivery service to researchers throughout the United States and around the world. As a special project 
that is housed in the Asian Division , the JDC cooperates closely with the Japanese Section and with the 
Eastern Law Division of the Law Library. The JDC is able to take full advantage of the Library's 
collection of Japanese books, journals, newspapers and reference materials — which is the largest in the 
world outside Japan. 

The JDC's operations are supported by the Tokyo Acquisitions Facility (TAF), which systematically 
collects and provides bibliographic data for policy studies and reports, white papers and annual reports, 
draft legislation, and public opinion polls from go vernment and private sources. The Tokyo office sends 
the materials to the Library, where they are organized and maintained in an information system that 
utilizes optical scanning technology to facilitate speedy delivery of information to researchers. 

Information Flow at JDC: From Sources to Users 


• Go back to the JDC Home Page 

• Go to the Library of Congress Home Page 



Library of Congress 

Comments: lcweb(a),loc. 20 v (05/22/97) 


1 of 1 


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JDC Journal List 


http://lcweb.loc.gov/rr/jdc/list.html 


Japan Documentation Center (JDC) 


^< Prcv 11 Next > | 


JDC Journal List 


Separately from its document collection and document delivery service, the Japan Documentation Center maintains a reference 
and journal collection. The JDC has current directories, bibliographies and other reference tools to aid in research. The journal 
collection covers government and politics, military science, business and finance, the economy, and society. The JDC has 
airmail subscriptions in order to quickly obtain the latest issues. Only current issues are maintained in the collection, and each 
August those of the previous calendar year are removed. Earlier issues of many titles can be found in the Japanese Section or 
other locations in the Library of Congress. 

The reference collection and journals must be used on-site at the Center. For remote users, consult with the JDC. The JDC will 
provide copies of specified journal articles on a selective basis within practices under the current copyright law. 


Journals 

The JDC list of journals in Japanese characters is also available (file under construction). 

(All journals are in Japanese, unless noted; w=weekly, bi-w=bi-weekly, m=monthly, q=quarterly.) 
AERA (Asahi Shinbunsha, w) 

Bank of Japan Quarterly Bulletin (q, in English) 

Bungei Shunju (Bungei Shunjusha, m) 

Capital Market Trends (Nomura Research Institute, m, in English) 

Chuo Koron (Chuo Koronsha, m) 

Foresight (Shinchosa, m) 

Gekkan Jiyu Minshu (Jiyu Minshuto, m) 

Gekkan Kankai (Gyoken, m) 

Gekkan Nyu Porishi (Seisaku Joho Shiryo Senta, m) 

Gekkan Seifu Shiryo (Seifu Shiryoto Fukyu Chosakai, m) 

Gekkan Shakaito (Nihon Shakaito, m) 

Gunji Kenkyu (Japan Miritari Rebyu, m) 

Jitsugyo no Nihon (Jitsugyo no Nihonsha, m) 

Jiyu (Jiyusha, m) 

Keizai Orai (Keizai Oraisha, m) 

Keizai Seisaku Joho (Daiichi Hoki, m) 

Keizaikai (Keisaikai, bi-w) 

Kokusai Mondai (Nihon Kokusai Mondai Kenkyujo, m) 


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JDC Journal List 


http://lcweb.loc.gov/rr/jdc/list.html 


Nikkei Bijinesu (Nikkei, bi-w) 

NRI Quarterly Economic Review (Nomura Research Institute, q, in English) 

Ronza (Asahi Shinbunsha, m) 

Seifu Kankobutsu Geppo (Seifu Kankobutsu Fukyu Kyogikai, m) 

Seifii Shiryo Abusutorakuto (Institute for Dissemination and Research of Government Data, m) 
Seikai Orai (Seikai Oraisha, m) 

Seiron (Sankei Shinbunsha, m) 

Shokun (Bungei Shunjusha, m) 

Shukan Bunshun (Bungei Shunjusha, w) 

Shukan Daiyamondo (Daiyamondosha, w) 

Shukan Ekonomisuto (Maimchi Shinbunsha, w) 

Shukan Toyo Keizai (Toyo Keizai Shinposha, w) 

This is Yomiuri (Yomiuri Shinbunsha, m) 

Voice (PHP Kenkyujo, m) 

Warudo Torendo (Ajiken) (Institute of Developing Economies, m) 

Zaikai (Zaikai Kenkyujo, bi-w) 


• Go back to the JDC Home Page 

• Go to the Library of Congress Home Page 


Library of Congress 

Comments: lcweb(a)loc. eov (02/14/97) 



2 of 2 


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Searching JDC Database 


http://lcweb.loc.gov/rT/jdc/search.htmI 


Japan Documentation Center (JDC) 

[ i <PrevJ^Nex£ i >J 


Searching the JDC Bibliographic Database 


The JDC maintains the database to provide access to each document in the collection. The database includes bibliographic 
information as well as English abstracts. You can search documents by author, title, subject, and keyword (including 
romanized Japanese). 

NOTE: Several files were added in June 1997 that can only be browsed. These records are for the most recent acquisitions. 
Your search will not retrieve records in these files named **NEW**. You may, however, request copies in the same manner 
described below. 

Currently the JDC database can be searched via the Library's Gopher. Marvel. 


How to request documents 

1. Search the JDC bibliographic index database to determine what documents you would like to obtain; 

2. Take note of the document number (e.g., LRS95-11693) together with the first few words of the title; 

3. Supply a postal address, because only paper copies of the documents are available at this time. When appropriate, the 
JDC can fax the materials; 

4. Submit your request by telephone, fax, mail, E-mail, or in person to: 

Japan Documentation Center 
Library of Congress 
Washington, DC 20540-4815 
Phone: 202-707-5581 
Fax: 202-707-9114 
E-mail: jdc@loc.gov 

5. For documents over 150 pages, we will initially send the table of contents so that you can identify and request those 
portions relevant to your research. 

Search the JDC database via the Library's Gopher. 


Sample Bibliographic Record 

LRS95-11693 

AUTHOR: Japan. Environment Agency. 

TITLE: [Japan's] National biodiversity strategies (a draft) [Seibutsu tayosei kokka senryaku (gen'an)] 

SOURCE: Tokyo, The Agency, 1995. 107 p. 

NOTES: 

Text in Japanese; citation title translated and provided by the Japan Documentation Center. 

The plan comprehensively covers long-term goals to be achieved toward the middle of the 21st century 
including realizing conservation of biological diversity, sustainable use of resources nationwide, and large-scale 
conservation areas. 

Contents.-Current state of biodiversity.-Fundamental policies for preservation of the biodiversity and 
sustainable use of resources. -Development of measures.-Effective execution of the measures. 

SUBJECT(S): 


1 of 2 


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Searching JDC Database 


http://lcweb.loc.gov/rr/jdc/search.html 


Biological diversity conservation~[Japan] 
Sustainable development—[Japan] 

BUCKET(S): 

Natural resources 
East Asia 

Japan Documentation Center 
ADDED ENTRY: Japan. Kankyocho. 


• Go back to the JDC Home Page 

• Go to the Library of Congress Elome Page 


Library of Congress 

Comments: lcweb(a).loc.zov (02/14/97) 



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Library of Congress - Federal Research Division 


North Korea in 21st Century: Open Source Research 


Third Party Links 

Korean Central News Agency 

[http://www.kcna.jp/index.htm] 

Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan 

[http://www2.nttca.com: 8010/infomofa/index.html] 
Jhan's Kmews: Korean Newspapers & News 
[http://gort.uscd.edu/jhan/kmews.html] 

Misc. Korean Webs 

[wysiwyg://92/http://www.kimsoft.com/kr-misc.htm] 
Webs on Korea: Academia 

[wysiwyg://86/http://www.kimsoft.com/kr-educ.htm] 
Korea, North 

[http://www.familyville.com/earth/NKorea/] 

The People's Korea 

[http://www.korea-np.co/jp/pk/index.html] 

Visit the DPRK aka North Korea 

[http://www.pedropoint.com/dprk/] 

The DPRK Welcomes You! (Kumgangsan International Group) 
[http://www.dpr-korea.com/english.html] 

Welcome to the DPRK! 

[wysiwyg://4/http://www.dpr-korea.com/editor-e.html] 
WWW Links to Pyongyang 

[http://www.etn.nl/wwwlinks/lpyongya.htm] 




Introduction of KCNA 


http://www.kcna.co.jp/index/intro.htm 


KOREAN CENTRAL NEWS AGENCY 


The Korean Central News Agency is the only and one state-run agency of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea. It 
speaks for the Workers' Party of Korea and the DPRK government. It was founded on December 5, 1946. It is located in the 
capital city of Pyongyang. It has branches in provincial seats and in some foreign countries. News is transmitted to other 
countries in English, Russian and Spanish. The KCNA is in charge of uniform delivery of news and other informations to mass 
media of the country, including newspapers and radios. It develops the friendly and cooperative relations with foreign news 
agencies. 



1 of 1 


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The Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Japan Home Page http://www2.nttca.com:8010/infomofa/index.html 



cz> 


Frame Version 


Info. Tree 


original site is 

here 

about mirror site 


Text only 

(information) 



Press Conference bv The 

Press Secretary fMav 16) 

Membership in the United 
Nations Economic and Social 

Council (UNESCO) 


Global Warming (May 20) 


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05/20/97 07:25:31 













































The Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Japan Home Page http://www2.nttca.com:8010/infomofa/index.html 


What's New ! 

(Last Updated : May 20,1997) 

Foreign Policies 

Visits & Conferences 

Press Conferences Statements and Comments 
Press Releases Major Speeches and Articles Diplomatic Blue Book 

Major Foreign Policy Archives 

United Nations Economic Affairs Global Issues 
Official Development Assistance Miscellaneous 

Relations with Countries and Regions of the World 

The Asia-Pacific North America Latin America (English) (Spanish) 

Europe Middle East Africa 

Friendship 

Japan Exchange and Teaching Programme The Preservation of World Cultural Heritage 
Information on Studying in Japan The Japan Foundation Web Site 

Visa Information 

A Guide to Japanese Visas The Working Holiday in Japan Programme I 

Japan Information 

What's New in Japan Opinions Japanese Viewpoints MOFA Video Guide Magazines 

Japan Information Network 

Trends in Japan The Japan of Today Japan Insight 
Kids Web Japan Japan Directory Statistics 
Regions & cities Japan Web Navigator 

Special Features 

MOFA Links 

Embassies and Consulates Quasi Governmental Organizations 
MOFA-affiliated Organizations Japanese Government Links 
Japan-U.S. Links Japan-Related Information Web Server 

MOFA Guide 

Guide of the Page Headquarters Information List of Japan's Embassies & Consulates 
List of Embassies & Consulates in Japan 

MOFA Search 


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jhan's kmews 


http://gort.ucsd.edu/jhan/kmews.html 



_ Korean Newspapers & News : _ tt— S’ * *1 _ 

jhan's kmews lists major Korean newspapers & news sources. 

'"W*" indicates Home Page, in Korean, and "■ ■" in English. 

m 

^ According to the statistics, more than 133.000 clicks here since Jan. '96. [ Korean ] 


EtNews (Cheonja Sinmun) 

Chosun Daily (Choseon Ilbo) ■ Digital Chosun Map (Directory) 

^ Chosun U.S.A. News 

Daily Trade News of Korea (Ilgan Muyeok) 

Donga Daily (Tonga Ilbo) .Tonga Ilbo .NewsPlus .Sin Tonga .Yeoseong Tonga .Kwahak Tonga .Lets 
W* Hankvoreh .Harigyeore Sinmun .Hankyore 21 .Cine 21 

Korea Central Daily (Chungang Ilbo) ■ .Korea Central Daily ■ .Daily News .Economist .SeoulEve .WIN .Newsweek 
Korea Central Daily in U.S.A. 

Korea Economic Daily (Han'guk Kyeongje Sinmun) • .Korea Economic Weekly 
. .Korea Herald News 

"W* KoreaLink (Han'guk Ilbo) ■ .Korea Times .Han'guk Ilbo .Daily Sports .Seoul Economic News ■ .Korea Business .Korea 
Weekly (Ivnx'able j .EUe .Premiere . TopModel 

Kvunghvang World Net (Kyeonghyang Sinmun) ■ Kveonghyang Sinmun ■ News Maker ■ Lady Kvunghvang ■ 
MagazineX ■ TvTimes 

'W r M2000/Maeil Daily News fMaeil Sinmun) 

News on Korea (Korean Government News) 

Seoul Daily News/Sports (Seoul Sinmun) .News People .Sports Seoul .TV Guide 
KBS (Korean Broadcasting System) ■ . KBS in Japan 
W* MBC (Munhwa Broadcasting Corp.) 

RadioKorea in L.A. 

"W* SBS (Seoul Broadcasting System) 

YTN (Yonhap Television News) 


• Magazines : 

■ CHIC 

. Esquire 

■ Korean Journal 

. Internet Magazine 

■ Mac Madang (Macintosh) 
. Motor Magazine 

■ Open Computing 

■ Wooree (Uri: we) 


• News Resources : 

. . Gateway Korean News (Excellent One) 

. . Global News Korea (Accessible through ucsd.edu Domain) 

■ ■ Felsing's Knews (CEAL List) 

. . Hoffmann’s List (The Best!) 

. . Korea Web Weekly (A Long/Best/Comprehensive Source List) 

■ ■ Moogoonghwa (A Mailing List; will be updated soon) 

.. World Internet News List (Kimsoft News Links) 


• Sites on Culture Selected : 

. Danm Communications (Home of DAUM Virtual Gallery) 

. jCOMA (Korean American Museum of Art and Cultural Center) 
. Korea Insights (Samsung Pavilion) 


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jhan's kmews 


• Korean Search Tools : 

■ The Official Sensitive Map of Korea (Korean WWW Servers Map by KiTaeKim) 

■ Mr. Dach'anni ■ ■ Mr. Dachanni (KAIST) 

■ InfoDetective (Korea Telecom) 

■ ■ KevWord Search (Korea Herald News: Last 1st Week) 

■ Kkach'ine (Taegu Univ.) 

■ Kor-Seek ■ ■ Kor-Seek (Chungnam Univ.: with Yahoo and AltaVista Added) 

■ mSearch (dolphin's Meta Search Engine) 

■ Simmanv (Hangul & Computer Co., Ltd.) 

■ Unifinder (Samsung Data System; Korean/English) 


A 


Updated: Aug/20/97. ihan(a),gort. ucsd. edu 




bock 


http://gort.ucsd.edu/jhan/kmews.html 


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Misc. Korean Webs 


wysiwyg://92/http://www.kimsoft.com/kr-misc.htrr 


Misc. Korean Webs 


The Korean Information Center - Embassy of the Republic of Korea 

KoreaNet 

Seoul National University 

Yahoo - Korea. North 

Yahoo - Korea. South 
KAIST Web - S Korea - General Info 

Korea Directory 
Business Korea Plaza 
Korea Broadcast Service 

CvberKorea 

Information Services available in Korea 

Korea (Pacific! 

Nerd World : KOREA 

Hawaii - Korean 









































| Webs on Korea: Academia 


wysiwyg://86/http://www.lcimsoft.com/kr-educ.htm 


Webs on Korea: Academia 


GATEWAY TO KOREA AND THE KOREAN LANGUAGE 

Korean Studies - Univ. of Iowa 
Vassar - American History Resources 

Wellesley: club 444: asia links 

Dartmouth - Korea Links 
BYU Korean Section Homepage 

Korean Studies at Harvard 

Korean Studies at Berkeley 

Univ of Oregon: S KOREA 

Univ of Oregon: N KOREA 

Korea - Stevens Tech 
UM-St. Louis Libraries' Virtual Library 

Carter Center 

Ensuring High Quality Info.Systems 

Nautilus - Asian Studies 
Univ of Australia - Korean Studies 

RAND Corporation 
RAND Articles on N Korea 













































Korea, North 


http://www.familyville.com/earth/NKorea/' 


Korea, North 


Country 





HESS 


Member of the Internet Link Exchange 

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City 

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Pvongvang. DPRK (North Korea) 

City 

pvong vang. Dvongan namdo. north korea 

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| S0nCh0n.Pv0n2Buk.NK 

City 



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07/77/Q7 
































































































































Korea, North 


http://www.familyville.com/earth/NKorea/ 


Free Home Page 


Previous Page 


Teleport ( 



E2C (Earth 2 Cyberspace) Copyright ® 1996-97 Familwille ! All Rights Reserved. 


2 of 2 


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The People's Korea.IPNIB^AP 


httpy/www.korea-np.co.jp/pk/index.html 


O ) TJ ] ^ A-] 

i i i_l —t_L 


l.liJ.HJl I . l lMH I liJ. I JJ.i.UJ.K I Ja g! 

nePeQples N&reak 


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Last Updated:97/07/l9 


Welcome to The People's Korea Home Page 


The Internet edition of The People's Korea is updated on a ten-day basis. 

• @ 



More than 100 Korean pastors from north and 
south Korea and overseas sing a song of 
reunification, holding a cross with wood they 
brought respectively from Mt. Paekdu in the 
north and Mt. Halra in the south of the Korean 
Peninsula at the Fifth Tokyo Meeting of Korean 
Christian for the Peaceful Reunification of Korea 
on June 6, 1996. 

• @ 


What's new? 


Greetings from DPRK Mission to UN 



• @ 


The People's Korea 


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The People’s Korea,H°Nlf3°ViP 


http://www.korea-np.co.jp/pk/index.html 


• @ 

The People's Korea, a semimonthly on Korean affairs, is a Tokyo-based unofficial mouthpiece of the DPRK Government. 

Since its inauguration on January 1, 1961, The People's Korea has been providing news and analyses from the DPRK 
perspective on international and domestic affairs as well as on Korea's national reunification, and information on Korean 
people's living, politics, economy, military, culture, history, customs, laws and regulations, festivals, sports, business, free 
trade zone, religions, tourism, etc. in its eight-page edition. 

The People's Korea, which has its branch office in downtown Pyongyang, has been committed to the cause of one Korea, 
enjoying an international readership in more than 120 countries and regions, including the United States and Tanzania. 

This PK web site (opened on July 20, 1997) is an abbreviated version of the original paper, and is updated on a ten-day basis. 

• @ 


Ri Sang Pal 
Editor 
July 20, 1997 


Links to 

The Choson Sinbo 

(Japanese version) 

KCNA 


• @ 

• @ 

Copyright © 1997 The People's Korea. All rights reserved. 

The People's Korea 

2-4, Tsukudo Hachiman-cho 
Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162 
JAPAN 

TEL: +81-3-3260-5881 
FAX: +81-3-3268-8583 

For further Information and comments, please e-mail to: 



9 nf 9 


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. 












Visit the DPRK aka North Korea 


http://www.pedropoint.com/dprk/ 



E-mail 


E-mail 





1 Goose-steoDine soldiers at the start of the parade, with a sea of Deoole in the background. (73 8 

KBvtes / 8 sec. AVI) 

□ 

Ladies in traditional dress marching with multicolored parasols (624 KBvtes / 8 sec. AVIV 

S3 

Marching ladies with pompoms (688 KBvtes / 8 sec. AVI'). 

13 

Children acrobats (1.2 MBvtes / 12 sec. AVI). 


http:Wwww.dpr-korea.com RealAudio 


l of 2 


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Visit the DPRK aka North Korea 


http://www.pedropoint.com/dprk/ 


Version 3.0 **$£*** 


I 

; n General Kim 11 Sung 

„ Long Live Generalissimo 

,:.\WW^V.WA;.VWA>V^N\^>^JAS>SNVAV.>W.:.>SW.:A^yvJN\^;W 

w We oledge Kim 11 

Sung! 

^<q^.Red Flag 

n Generalisimo Kim 11 Sung is 

<SS> .. Our Comrade Kim 

with us forever 

Jong 11 

; _ No Motherland without 

Homeland 

Azaleas in the 

| You 

Homeland 

1 Arirang 

w Mv Love.Mv Happiness 

w Do not ask mv 

Name 

1 „ Urban Girl come to get 

1 married 

^ The Dear Name 

<23> _ Best Wishes 

«w89-~—- 

ii .. 

1 <Sg> M We waited for You 

<222> The Flower Girl 

We are Glad 

1 <22> _ Mv Country is the Best 

The Green Pine-Tree on Nam 

Hill 

The Loving Smile 



1- 

l Whistle 

r Mv Father 

<C|S» Soring in the Home 
Village 

5 w I will be Your Son 

I forever 



Mv Home Page 



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North Korea,DPRK,Tourism.Business,Beauties,Music,VDOLive 


http://www.dpr-korea.com/english.htm 


Go to the Japanese version 

The Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK) 

Welcomes You! 



This was made with point of view of Japanese businessman. 
This is not Official Homepage of DPRK. 


Select a topic, please!! 


Introduction 

Tourism 

Making Friends 




Business 

Delicious Meals 

Korean Beauties 




Raiin - Sonbong 

Music 

From the Editor 




VDOLive,TV 

Children 

O & A 






Special Tour from Beijin.l,200US$ 

Any Questions or Comments are Welcome: sakai(a)/lpr-korecLcom 


The English translation has been assisted by T. Kato and YSK 


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North Korea,D.P.R.of Korea ,VDOLive TV 


http://www.dpr-korea.com/tv-e.html 


TV is very important. 



VDOLive ,Please click the picture. You need 


VDOLive Plaver 




People 





Comrade Kim Jong II 



Lady's age 


i of' 


03/31/97 09:28:55 
































North Korea,DPRK, Greetings 


wysiwyg://21 /http://www.dpr-korea.com/gting-e.html 


Greetings! 



An-nyong ha-shim-nika (How are you)? 

Welcome to the DPRK. Our company!. Kumgangsan International Group — a multi-national company based in Pyongyang, 
strives to contribute to the development and happiness of the Korean people who are diligent, hard working and 
family-centered. 

Due to a poor economic base, poor infrastructures and food shortages, the Korean people are going through a difficult period 
at present. Can we help this nation as a member country of Asia? 

The DPRK's current situation reminds one of the Japanese situation in the closing phase of the Pacific War. It is so tragic and 
disturbing to many Japanese. In view of the events of the past years, I suggest that the Japanese people treat Korea more 
warmly, instead of attempting to stifle it. 

I invite you to join me in my campaign to remove the mutual misunderstanding and open our minds to communicate with each 
other. I must hasten to stress that my opinions expressed here do not in any way represent those of the DPRK officialdom. 



Go back to English Home Page 


Cassatte Tape Present No.l "W" 


Last modified - 12/24/96 02:37:30. 






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North Korea,DPRK,From the Editor 


wysiwyg://4/http://www.dpr-korea.com/editor-e.html 


Welcome to the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK)! 

From the Editor: Many thanks for visiting my DPRK home page. My name is Tatsuo Sakai. I am Japanese . Are you afraid 
that if you visited my home page that you won't be able to return home or some sinister characters will trail you? 

The DPRK (commonly referred to as North Korea) is well-known these days because of the nearly daily TV headlines dealing 
with it. But what the ordinary people in the DPRK are thinking of and how they live are not well known abroad. What little 
coverage there is usually depicts a miserable life short of food under a horrible military regime, and a country bent on 
developing nuclear weapons and guided missiles. Fancy stories reported by defectors are widely reported as if their stories 
were true. 

To be frank, I used to believe in their stories, too. Several years ago, I went to North Korea for some reason and then realized 
that that North Korea is not so strange as every one says. It reminded me of the countryside in China. The living standard in 
North Korea is not comparable with that of Japan today. Rather, it is similar to that of my childhood in Japan about 40 years 
ago. Since my first visit to North Korea, I yearned for an opportunity of many return visits. I have traveled to many countries 
but no other country elicited my desire for return visits as North Korea did. 

I am an engineer by training. During one of my visit there, a North Korean tour guide asked for my impression of North Korea, 
I should have answered: "Your country is wonderful for workers and my country Japan wants to be like your country.". 

Instead, I frankly answered that: "Your country is like the Chinese countryside and better than Cambodia or Vietnam." In my 
opinion, this is a better depiction of the country than what is reported by the Western press. The guide was offended by my 
frank statement and reported me to a security organ. Since I was a producer of video production, I was considered to be 
journalist and they branded me as a spy. For a long while I was not allowed into North Korea to my deep sorrow. 

I make educational video tapes and I have no interest in journalism at all. North Koreans hate Japanese journalists because 
they tend to distort things. The Korean people are highly proud of their country and genuinely believe that because of 
socialism, Korea is the happiest place on earth and that it is a utopia. 

I am disturbed about the huge gap which exists between the world and Korea. I believe North Korea should be brought into the 
family of the Asian community and communicate with each other and develop common interests and goals. For this reason, I 
have decided to work for the cause of North Korea. 

To tell you the truth, my work has not been easy. I am volunteering my services. I'd like you to know that the DPRK is not 
such a miserable and terrible place as everyone claims and I invite you to visit the DPRK for business or sightseeing and see it 
for yourselves. This is why I am publishing this home page. 

My current situation 

I am a businessman believing in not the juche idea but in making money. I am full of curiosity. I don’t mind being in a foreign 
country even if I don't speak the language or don't know my way around. I am convinced that wherever I go, the people are 
essentially the same. I dislike making false praises and once I was branded as a 'bad' person because I said "Many irresponsible 
middle managers are leading this country to a ruin." It is true that some high-ranking North Koreans - a professor, a fighter 
pilot and so on, have defected to South Korea recently, I know the great majority of the people in North Korea support their 
leaders even under difficult economic conditions. I want to assist the people of North Korea as much as I can. 

Web pages on the DPRK have been reported by the press 

I tried to access a Tokyo internet server from Pyongyang in June of last year in vain. The telephone connection was so poor 
that I was unable to connect. The Tokyo BBS can be accessed with a 2400 bps modem but the Pyongyang modem could 
connect at less than a quarter of that. My company has an office in Pyongyang and I hoped to distribute some information but 
failed. I can see why the internet is virtually non-existent in North Korea. By the way, I can connect to the internet at 14,400 
bps from a hotel room in Beijing. 

I will provide the information that I have experienced myself. I invite the South-Korean people to read my home-page. The 
notion of reunification of Korea differs significantly in North and South. South Korea's economy is more than ten times of that 
of North Korea. I want to inform the South Korean people on what is happening to the common people in the North and 
understand them. 


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'forth Korea,DPRK,From the Editor 


wysiwyg://4/http://www.dpr-korea.com/editor-e.html 


My destiny with North Korea 

I have visited North Korea 24 times and spent 246 days there in the last five years. I was much impressed by North Korea and 
I have become to get emotional whenever I hear the Song of Gen. Kim II Sung. Am I crazy? I am 46 years old now and I have 
decide to dedicate the rest of my life to the cause of North Korea. I am proud to report to you that I had the honor of guiding a 
famous Japanese actor in North Korea twice. 

Photo: lam first from right 


I have made videos in Pyongyang 

I have made videos in collaboration with North Korea. My company has 2 Betacam 6x7 cameras. I make videos on topics 
other than political. Some of the demands from other country are outrageous and I cannot easily close contracts. Most of my 
videos are for tourism. 

Some thoughts 

I have done some research on the flood issue last three months. There are hardly any repairs of a river bank or construction of 
a bank. It is no wonder that flood damage would happen in this situation. Why the DPRK have only single line railways, no 
paved roads and no big industry? Because of the division of Korea Peninsula and conflicts between North and South, the 
Korean People's Army which numbers over one million consumes about 50% of the country's gross revenue. This condition 
should be changed as soon as possible, because there is no other way for the reconstruction of the economy of the country. 

The Cold War has ended everywhere but on the Korean peninsula. Useless conflicts and preparation for war are still going on. 
Why don't US, Japan, and South Korea help stabilize the peninsula? 


Go back to English Home Page 

Anv Question and comments welcome: dpr-korea(a)dpr-kore(LCom 


Last modified:01/08/97 18:51:35. 


1 n 




04/23/97 07:02:07 






























































Links for the City of PYONGYANG 


http://www.etn.nl/wwwlinks/lpyongya.htm 


Discount Airfares Home Page * Discount Airfares Worldwide On-Line * The World's Best Travel Agents 
Di scounted H o tels in 1 85 Countries * Discount Cruises * Order vour personal ETN Discount Card 
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Let's trade links * ETN Software Page * From where come ETN Internet visitors * Other interesting sites 
Receive the ETN Newsletters FREE OF CHARGE * Nederlandstalige Index (Dutch) * Email Cutter Software 


WWW Links to PYONGYANG 


ETN Card Discounts in PYONGYANG 

Notify me bv E-Mail every time this ETN Page is updated 

Write and read in the City Guest Book of PYONGYANG 

ETN Card holders can advertise here FREE OF CHARGE 


Click here for more information about PYONGYANG 


Click here for more information about NORTH KOREA 


Asia OnLine * Asia Trade * Asian Arts * Arab Countries' WWW Links Page 
Asian Studies * Asian Internet Links * Asia inc.On-Line 
Asia Travel Pages * Asia Links -1 * Asia Links -2 
Southeast Asia info -1 * Southeast Asia Info -2 

Many more Travel Links interesting for Worldwide Destinations 

Other interesting sites on Internet 

Here you find every Subject. Company & Person on Internet 

Let’s trade links: FREE Exchange of links with ETN 

From where come the ETN Internet visitors ?? 

Last Update: Sunday, December 15, 1996 

Back to the Alphabet l A - Z) * ETN Head Office Home Page 

Order vour personal ETN Card * Your comments, ideas and NEW links 

Notify me by E-Mail every time this ETN Page is updated 

If you like to be notified every time this ETN Page changes, enter your E-Mail address, 
click on the button, and you receive an E-Mail every time ETN has updated this Page. 

Your Internet E-Mail address: 


Notify me by E-Mail every time ETN has updated this City Page o 


Read here the City Guest Book of PYONGYANG 
Below you can write in the City Guest Book of PYONGYANG 

_ 

Your Name: __ 


Your E-Mail: 


1. Below you can write your comments, compliments, complaints, experiences, criticism, invitations, 


r\ cw/> < 'o -* ^ c ~ 






























































































































Links for the City of PYONGYANG 


http://www.etn.nl/wwwlinks/lpyongya.htm 


tips and advice for people travelling to PYONGYANG 

2. Anonymous and commercial messages will NOT be published. 

3. ETN is NOT responsible for the contents of the messages published. 



Send your contribution for the City Guest Book of PYONGYANG 


I 

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* 


LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 



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